Biofertilizers are formulations containing agriculturally beneficial microorganisms, mass multiplied under laboratory conditions, inoculated in a carrier and supplied to the farmers for field applications. Carriers are inert materials with high absorptive capabilities when added in the preparations, provide strength and shape to the active ingredient. In Pakistan, dissemination of biofertilizer technology is facing a serious constraint due to non-availability of a suitable carrier for bioinnoculant. The aim of present study was to formulate suitable carriers from locally available cheap material and evaluate for shelf life by using locally isolated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains from maize rhizosphere as well as to test efficacy of PGPR inoculated carriers on maize plants under sterilized conditions of laboratory, greenhouse and unsterilized field conditions. Carrier material was prepared using different combinations between 35-50% clay soil, 30-45% fly-ash, 5-15% press mud and 5-15% lignite by weight. Soil containing 53% clay content was utilized to enhance adhesion capacity with the seeds. As essential quality of an acceptable carrier is that it should be free of lump formation, 40% clay soil with other materials was found suitable. Six different combinations in the range mentioned above were developed and subjected to physico-chemical analysis. Four treatments including 40% clay, 30-40% fly-ash, 10-15% press mud and 10-15% lignitic coal were developed considering good adhesion capacity, high moisture holding capacity, adequate nutrient availabilty and designated as formulated carrier (FC). These formulated carriers along with biozote carrier were investigated for PGPR shelf life. Different inoculated carriers revealed significant difference regarding microbial survival. Different incubation intervals also indicated a significant decline in population density of bacteria. Among the investigated carrier, the FC-4 (Clay soil 40%, fly-ash 30%, press-mud 15%, lignitic coal 15%) was categorized superior which supported 33.5x108 to 10.8x108 cfu g-1 for MR8 while 32.6x108 to 7.2x108 cfu g-1 for MR5. However all the tested carriers maintained the required population of viable cells upto six months of incubation period. All the inoculated carriers showed a significant increase over un-inoculated control to different plant growth parameters and plant mineral composition as well as nutrient uptake of maize plant in the pot, greenhouse and field study. Bioinoculant of FC-4 performed best followed by FC-1 and FC-3 conpared to BC. Among the two PGPR strains tested, MR8 was moderately better compared to MR5 while non-significant interaction between bacterial strains and carrier’s treatments was observed for most of the measured parameters. It is concluded from the pot, greenhouse and field experiments that FC-4 can be utilized as a carrier for the production of PGPR biofertizer for maize crop. Further experimentation related to other beneficial bacteria isolated from different crops should be conducted for utilization of FC-4 as carrier for biofertilizer production.
ماہرؔ القادری جناب ماہر القادری کی وفات کی خبر سے بہت ہی دل گیر اور دل فگار ہوکر جب یہ تحریر لکھنے بیٹھا ہوں تو کراچی کی ساری علمی و ادبی مجلسیں یاد آرہی ہیں۔ کراچی بارہا جانے کا اتفاق ہوا، وہاں کی ممتاز شخصیتوں کی یادوں کی قندلیں روشن کرتا رہتا ہوں، ان میں بہت سے اﷲ کو پیارے بھی ہوگئے، اختر جونا گڑھی مرحوم یاد آتے ہیں، ان کی کتاب ’’طبقات الامم‘‘ دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہوئی تھی، معارف میں مولانا شبلیؒ پر اچھے مضامین لکھے، وہ بزرگ محترم مولانا سید ابوظفر ندوی مرحوم کے ساتھ جونا گڑھ سے شہاب رسالہ بھی نکالا کرتے تھے، دارالمصنفین کے بڑے قدردان رہے، وہ جس محبت سے کراچی میں ملے اس کی یاد برابر باقی رہے گی، ان ہی کے یہاں کھانے پر حفیظ ہوشیار پوری مرحوم سے ملا تھا، ان کے پرکیف نغمہ شعری سے بھی محظوظ ہوا تھا، ان کی محبت بھری باتوں میں بڑی کیفیت تھی، ممتاز حسن مرحوم (ریٹائرڈ سکریٹری محکمہ فنانس حکومت پاکستان) یاد آتے ہیں تو ان کی علم نوازی، کرم گستری اور دوست پروری کے معطر اور نکہت بیز پھولوں کے بار سے دبتا چلا جاتا ہوں، ایک رات جناب جمیل عالی کے دستر خوان پر میں جناب ممتاز حسن مرحوم، ابن انشاء مرحوم اور یادش بخیر پیر حسام الدین راشدی کے ساتھ شریک ہوا، رات کو ایک بجے تک علمی و ادبی باتیں ہوتی ہیں، وہ رات بھی کیسی حسین اور بہار آفریں تھی، ممتاز حسن مرحوم ایک تناور سایہ دار علمی برگد تھے، اسی کے چھاؤں کے نیچے کراچی کے ارباب علم جمع ہوتے اور ان کے سایہ عاطفت میں اپنے علمی و ادبی ذوق کو پھلتے پھولتے محسوس کرتے، جناب ابن انشاء مجلسوں میں ملتے اور خاموش بنے رہتے، مگر اخبار کے کالم میں شب برات کی پھلجڑی اور...
Due to the significance of Sīrah, Muslim scholars started writing about it from the very beginning of Islam. Pashto language, like other major languages, contains the Sīrah writings. There are two types of Sīrah writings in Pashto language. The first type of books are written for a common man, in a very simple language and style, just to get guidance from the Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). This type of books were discussed by Dr. Sa’īdullah Qaḍī in his article “Sīrah books in Pashto Language” published in “Al-Ḥaq” Monthly Journal of Jami’a Dārul Uloom Ḥaqqānia, Akora Khattak. The second type of Sīrah books are written after deep research and criticism of the narrations. But it is worth mentioning that no comprehensive research has been carried out so far which can cover both types of books. Therefore an analysis of the Selected Sīrah writings in Pashto Language has been made, to explore the remarkable Sīrah writings in Pashto Language.
The objective of the study was to compare serum calcidiol level of selected weightlifters and powerlifters in anticipation of the experimentation by ingesting Cholecalciferol 50000 IU (D-ZAK50) and comparing their bone and muscle health with lifting best total by pre test - post test research design. In this study, sample of two hundred (n=200) elite class weightlifters (n=100) and powerlifters (n=100) were selected from prominent clubs of four major cities of Punjab province viz Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Sialkot because players from these cities have contributed at national and international level in weightlifting and powerlifting sport. Willingness was obtained from selected players through consent proformas was followed by pre test of their lifting best total and serum calcidiol level (Avg. 19.66 ng/ml). After obtaining pre test results all players were categorized into three groups (A, B and C) on the basis of their vitamin D3 level. Players in these groups were given D-ZAK50 once per week upto two months. A post test (mid term) was conducted after two months in which increase in players’ lifting best total with Avg. %age 3.94 (r2=.99), 3.99 (r2=.99) and 3.91 (r2=.99) of weightlifting Groups A, B and C respectively where as in powerlifting 2.39 (r2=.99), 2.36 (r2=1.00) and 2.22 (r2=.99) of Groups A, B and C respectively. There was an increase in players’ Serum calcidiol level (Avg. %age 54.88 (r2=.86), 25.10 (r2=.95) and 19.19 (r2=.11) of weightlifting Group A, B and C respectively where as in powerlifting 51.78 (r2=.86), 24.49 (r2=.94) and 17.47 (r2=.06) of Group A, B and C respectively after post test (mid term). There after they were once again treated with D-ZAK50 (Cholecalciferol 50000 IU) under the supervision of certified physicians and pharmacists by further segregating each group into two as A1 & A2, B1 & B2, and C1 & C2 where the participants of group A1, B1 and C1 were orally given D-ZAK50 and A2, B2 and C2 were treated as placebo once per week upto two months. After two months readings of vitamin D3 level and lifting best total of the players were recorded as post test (final term) results. The paired sample t-test showed that there was a significant increase in serum calcidiol level of all players treated with D-ZAK50 in post test (mid term) and post test (final term) with an improvement in lifting best total for both sports weightlifting and powerlifting at both levels in comparison to players treated with placebo. In post test (final term) of weightlifting, there was momentous increase (%age) in serum calcidiol level of 26.95 (r2=.98), 25.58 (r2=.91) and 15.13 (r2=.98) in Groups A1, B1 and C1 with a meaningful improvement in lifting best total of 1.94% (r2=1.00), 1.88% (r2=1.00) and 1.76% (r2=1.00) respectively treated with D-ZAK50. However, on the other hand, minor decrease (%age) was noted in serum calcidiol level of 0.10 (r2=.97), 0.8 (r2=.99) and 1.71 (r2=1.00) in Groups A2, B2 and C2 with a minor decrease in lifting best total of 0.07% (r2=.99), 0.23% (r2=.99) and 0.76% (r2=.99) in Groups A2, B2 and C2 respectively treated with placebo. In post test (final term) of powerlifting, there was noteworthy increase (%age) in serum calcidiol level of 26.73 (r2=.99), 26.10 (r2=.88) and 13.50 in Groups A1, B1 and C1 respectively with an increase (%) in lifting best total of 1.20 (r2=.99), 1.21 (r2=.99) and 0.79 in Groups A1, B1 and C1 respectively to players given with D-ZAK50 but on the other hand, there was minor decrease (%age) in serum calcidiol level of 0.31% (r2=.99), 0.23% (r2=.99) and 2.13% (r2=1.00) in Groups A2, B2 and C2 respectively with a slight decline in lifting best total of 0.07% (r2=.99), 0.07% (r2=.99) and 0.79% (r2=.99) in Groups A2, B2 and C2 respectively treated with placebo. In Groups A, B and C, changing pattern in serum calcidiol level (ng/ml) and lifting best total (kg) showed that deficient sample population (serum calcidiol level less than 20 ng/ml) improved more significantly than insufficient (serum calcidiol level between 20-32 ng/ml) and sufficient (serum calcidiol level more than 32 ng/ml). It was recommended that the study should be extended to wider sample with different exercise protocols. It was also recommended that the study should also be extended to young and female participants.