Home > Formulation of Us Foreign Policy for India and Pakistan: An Investigation of Variation in Aprroaches of Democratic and Republican Parties 1989-2012
Formulation of Us Foreign Policy for India and Pakistan: An Investigation of Variation in Aprroaches of Democratic and Republican Parties 1989-2012
Foreign policy has great importance in every part of history because it had played a significant role to transform the modern international world and its politics. In the past as well as in the present states have different behaviors and their foreign policies, hawkish and dovish, isolation and cooperation, alignment and de-alignment. These behaviors not only play a vital role to understand the relations between states but also help to understand that how the state’s internal values influence on foreign policy. It is a fact that foreign policy of the state also reflects its internal conditions and has some variation because the government of the state deals with both internal and external affairs of the country and follows the particular values and customs (which grow up within the boundary of states) for making the policies. It is considered that the US, under the Republican and Democratic eras, has not any variation on foreign policy matters and has similar interests and objectives under both administrations. It is true that the objectives of the US foreign policy do not change with the regime change from one party to another party in the US but it is wrong to say that both parties have the same approach to achieve the objectives. Two major ideologies Conservative and Liberalism are highly dominant in American politics, public, and its political parties. Republican follows the Conservative approach (Hamiltonians) while the Democrats deal the (internal and external) matters with the Liberal approach (Jeffersonian). So these features of the US foreign policy have a great influence on India and Pakistan relations with the US. Republican Party gives importance to foreign policy and playsa strong role in international politics. However, Pakistan is more suitable for fulfilling its national interest i.e. security alliances during Cold War, fought proxy war in Afghanistan in 1981 and the war against terrorism after 9/11, because it has also known as conservatives. On the other side, Indian attract the Democrats because they have a strong democracy and secular based constitution. Thus, duringthe era of Roosevelt, Kennedy, Carter, Clinton and Obama India has enjoyed good relation with the US than Republicans, and Pakistan had played a significant role during Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, and G.W. Bush presidency. During these eras, Pakistan received a lot of economic and military aid which was helpful to stabilize the economic situation of Pakistan on the other side it has also faced sanctions and embargos during Democrats.
مختار تلہری بریلی کی اردو شاعری کا تجزیاتی جائزہ ڈاکٹر رحمت عزیز خان چترالی مختار تلہری ثقلینی کی پیدائش یکم فروری 1960 عیسوی کو ہوئی جبکہ شاعری کا آغاز 1981 میں ہوا ۔اب تک آپ کے 8 شعری مجموعے منظرِ عام پر آچکے ہیں نیز نواں اشاعت کے مرحلے میں ہے ۔ بہت سے اداروں اور تنظیموں سے انعام و اکرام بےشمار اعزازی اسناد نیز متعدد ایوارڈز حاصل کر چکے ہیں جن میں علامہ اقبال ایوارڈ ، داغ دہلوی ایوارڈ ، فخرِ ادب شامل ہیں ۔ مختار تلہری کی شاعری میں خوف، طاقت، ایمان اور معاشرتی مسائل کے موضوعات شامل کئے گئے ہیں، آپ کے اشعار میں زندگی کے جذباتی اور روحانی جہتوں کو تلاش کیا جاسکتا ہے۔ مختار تلہری کی اکثر شاعری خوف اور طاقت کے دوہری موضوع کی عکاسی کرتی ہے، جو دل میں خوف اور کسی کے اعمال میں طاقت کے درمیان فرق کو پیش کرتی ہے۔ اشعار مذہبی تعلیمات کو فراموش کرنے اور امن کی تلاش کے اثرات کو بھی چھوتی ہیں۔ مختار تلہری کی شاعری کی ساخت اور تھیم کا فنی و فکری جائزہ لیا جائے تو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ان کی شاعری ایک متوازن ساخت کی پیروی کرتی ہے، بغیر کسی رکاوٹ کے مختلف موضوعات کو خوبصورتی سے اشعار کا جامہ پہنایا گیا ہے۔ شاعر نے ایک انوکھا جوکسٹاپوزیشن استعمال کیا ہے، جو ظاہری شکل اور حقیقت کے درمیان تفاوت کو ظاہر کرتا ہے، جس کی علامت خرگوش کی طرح ملبوس شیر ہے۔ شاعر نے گہرے معنی و مفاہیم کو بیان کرنے کے لیے خوبصورت استعاروں، متضاد تصویروں اور علامتوں کو استعمال کیا ہے۔ ’’دل میں خوف کا اثر پیروں کی آنکھوں میں ہے‘‘ والی سطر ان کے استعارے کے ماہرانہ استعمال کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔ اشعار کا تکنیکی جائزہ لینے سے یہ بات واضح ہوتی ہے کہ مختار تلہری...
تناولت الدراسة قضية المحاسبة الإدارية فـي القـرآن الكـريم مـن خلال قصة سيدنا يوسـف عـليه السلام، وأثرها عـلى عـلم المحاسبة الإدارية بصورة خاصة وعـلوم الإدارة بصورة عامة، وتهدف الدراسة إلى بيان أقوال المفسرين والفقهاء قديمـا وحديثا مـع ذكر أقوال عـلمـاء متخصصي المحاسبة الإدارية وربطها بقصة يوسـف عـليه السلام فـي صورة عـلمية توضح أبعاد مقاصد القـرآن الكـريم الذي يجمـع جميع العـلوم المختلفة. واستخدم الباحث المـنهج الإستقرائي المقارن، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة مـن النتائج أهـمها: أظهر يوسـف قدرته فـي إدارة أزمة سنين القحط التي أصابت مصر ومـا حـولها بصورة مثالية فريدة مـن نوعها فـي ذلك الوقت، حتى جعـل أهل مصر مـا رأينا ملك أفضل مـنه. ومـن أهـم التوصيات: يوصي الباحث طلاب العـلوم الإدارية ومديري الإدارات فـي مسيرتهـم المهنية أن يكون قدوتهـم فـي ذلك سيدنا يوسـف عـليه السلام.
Background: Metabolic syndrome comprises of a set of aggregated risk factors that include: hypertension, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C (1)The is a noted increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome cardiovascular risk factors in the HIV population.
Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey that enrolled 157 HIV positive patients over a 4 month period that were either newly diagnosed (HIV ART naïve) or were on ART from both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Data of their anthropometric, cardiovascular risk factors and clinical characteristics were collected with the aid of a standardized questionnaire and serum biochemical testing was done in the fasted state. The data obtained was used to determine the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome in the two populations using the NCEP ATP III criteria and their 10 year risk of adverse cardiovascular outcome using the WHO/ISH AFRI E score.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 46 years S.D (9.3). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 23.75% and 11.69% in the ART arm and ART naïve arm respectively. Majority of the patients were in the low risk category as calculated by the WHO/ISH AFRI E score 89.61% vs. 91.25% in the naïve and ART arms respectively. 6.49% and 3.89% in HIV ART naïve arm were distributed in the moderate and very high risk categories as compared 6.25% and 2.5% in the HIV ART arm.
Conclusions and recommendations: Metabolic syndrome was found to be more prevalent in the HIV ART arm as compared to the naïve arm although the difference did not reach a statistically significant level. Majority of the individuals as by WHO/ISH AFRI E risk score in both arms were found to be in the low risk category and thus would greatly benefit from diet and lifestyle modification to avert the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequent cardiovascular disease..