The main objectives of this work were to investigate physico-chemical and heavy metal contaminations in water and sediments as well as their accumulation, histopathology and genotoxicity in Freshwater mussels of River Kabul. For this purpose water sample A (reference site 1), water sample B (polluted site 2), water sample C (polluted site 3) and water sample D (polluted site 4) upstream and downstream of River Kabul were collected during winter and summer periods and analyzed for eight physico-chemical parameters (pH, TSS, TDS, TA, Cl, K, EC, Na) and nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and compared with water sample A and NEQS recommended limits. All the studied physico-chemical and heavy metal parameters in water samples A, B, C and D except TSS andHg were below the NEQS proposed limits, where the values of TSS and Hg were above the NEQS recommended limits in all the water samples A, B, C and D. Thus the overall sequence of different water samples was D > C > B > A. This highlights that water sample D had higher and sample A had lower physico-chemical and heavy metal contaminations. Water samples A and B had highest TDS and lowest K for low flow and had highest TSS and lowest K for high flow seasons. Similarly water samples C and D showed highest TDS and lowest pH for low flow and showed higher TSS and lower K for high flow periods. Among heavy metals water sample A had highest Zn and lowest Cr for both summer and winter seasons. Water sample B showed higher Zn and lower Cu for summer and greater Zn and smaller Hg for winter seasons. Similarly water samples C had greater Zn and smaller Cu for both summer and winter seasons. Similarly water samples D had higher level of Zn for summer and greater Zn and lower Hg for winter seasons. Similarly among the studied heavy metals in sediments sample A had highest Fe and lowest Hg for both summer and winter seasons. Sediments sample B, had highest concentration of Fe and lowest concentration of Hg for both summer and winter seasons. Similarly sediments sample C had highest Fe and lowest Hg for both summer and winter seasons. Similarly sediments sample D had highest concentration ofFe and lowest concentration of Hg for both summer and winter seasons. This investigation was further aimed to determine bioaccumulation of heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soft tissues of freshwater mussels.Overall order of metals concentration in different tissues showed that Fe was the highly and Hg was the lowest accumulated metals. This study was further meant to investigate histopathological impacts of heavy metals in soft tissues were degeneration of epithelium, lipofusin pigments, atrophy, inflammation, necrosis and granulocytoma in digestive gland. In gonads necrosis, inflammation, atresia, lipofusin pigments and granulocytoma were found. While in gills the degeneration of cilia, fusion of gills lamellae, haemocytic infiltration and gills swelling was recorded. Similarly in intestine degeneration of epithelium and its cillia were found. The highest intensity of histopathological lesions was recorded in site 4 and lowest in site1. Furthermore the present investigation was conducted to assess genotoxical impacts of heavy metals in hemolymph of selected freshwater mussels. Therefore degree of DNA damage like TCS and comet class 0, class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4 were determined. The order of sites according to DNA damage was 4 > 3 > 2 > 1, i.e. the highest DNA damage was noticed in site 4 while lowest in site 1.
انگریزی ذریعہ تعلیم ہماری ضرورت پاکستان ایک ترقی پذیر ملک ہے اس میں رہنے والے لوگ اتنے تعلیم یافتہ نہیں ہیں جتنے دیگر ممالک کے لوگ علم سے بہرہ ور ہیں۔ اس کی وجوہات اور بھی بہت سی ہیں ان میں ایک وجہ انگریزی سے عدم دلچسپی ہے۔ انگلش لینگوئج سیکھے بغیر ہم دیگر اقوام کے ہم پلہ ہونے کا دعوی نہیں کر سکتے۔ اس لیے کہ کسی قوم کے نشیب وفراز ، افراط وتفریط اور اس کے اسباب کا اندازہ لگانا ہو تو اس کی زبان پر گرفت انتہائی ضروری ہے۔ ازاں بعد ہی ہم اپنی خوبیوں اور خامیوں کا اس سے موازنہ کر سکتے ہیں اور ترقی کی راہ میں آنیوالی رکاوٹوں کا سد باب کر سکتے ہیں۔ دیگر اقوام کا مطالعہ ہی ان کی تاریخ سے آشناکرتا ہے اور پھر وہ اسباب جن کی بدولت اس اقوام پر تنزل اور ترقی کا دور گزرا اس سے آگاہی ہوتی ہے۔ آج کل ترقی یافتہ اقوام اسی زبان سے وابستہ ہیں۔ اس لیے اس کو ذریعہ تعلیم بنانا اس لحاظ سے ضروری ہے۔ انگریزی ایک بین الاقوامی زبان ہے اور متعددممالک میں بولی اور سمجھی جاتی ہے پھر اپنی اقتصادی اور معاشی ترقی کے لیے اس کی تفہیم کی اشد ضرورت ہے۔ ہماری نئی نسل اس زبان سے واقفیت کی بدولت ہی معیاری قسم کی ملازمتوں سے فائدہ اُٹھاسکتی ہیں۔ انگریزی سے واقفیت کی بنا پر ہم اپنے تعلیمی معیار کو بلند کر سکتے ہیں ، دیگر ممالک کی جامعات میں تعلیم حاصل کر سکتے ہیں۔ بلکہ تدریسی فرائض سرانجام دے سکتے ہیں۔ آج کل اکثرممالک اس زبان کی طرف خصوصی توجہ دے رہے ہیں۔ اور انہوں نے اپنے اپنے تعلیمی اداروں میں شروع سے ہی انگلش کوذریعہ تعلیم بنایا ہے۔ پاکستان میں بھی انگلش میڈیم سکول سسٹم کا اجرا ہو چکا ہے اور ہمارے ارباب...
This study was carried out to investigate the impact of integrating two theories on consumer behavior, namely the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Models (TAM), on the consumer behavior intention in online food shopping in the city of Pekanbaru. A descriptive quantitative method was employed in this research, utilizing purposive sampling techniques. The study involved 174 female respondents aged 18 and above, residing in the city of Pekanbaru, who had previously engaged in online food shopping. The analysis of data was performed utilizing the Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach. The results indicated that both the perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use have a notable impact on attitude (ATT). Furthermore, behavioral intention was significantly influenced by attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The originality of this study resides in combining the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Models (TAM) within the specific context of online food shopping in the city of Pekanbaru. This study is expected to contribute to the field of consumer behavior, especially the behavior of consumers in Pekanbaru regarding online food shopping.
This study looks into the determinants of foreign direct investment and economic growth of four countries
(Pakistan, China, Bangladesh and India) based on secondary data covering the period form 1970-2010. The
selected three countries are from Subcontinent. China is included in this study because China is getting highest
foreign direct investment and it is on the top of preferred destinations of foreign direct investment. Ordinary
Least Square (OLS) is used in this study to reveal the relationship between variables through two equations.
The results, obtained from the analysis show that large market size and growth in the market of the host
country are most significant determinants of foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment is an
important ingredient of economic growth and economic growth. The relationship between foreign direct
investment and economic growth is ilateral.
The results also reveal that domestic saving, growth in exports and employment are contributing to the
economic growth. Depreciation in the exchange rate and deficit trade balance attracts foreign direct
investment. When countries face trade deficit they adopt more favorable policies towards foreign direct
investment.