Incorporation of well-defined functional filler into a polymer matrix to form inorganic/organic composites with tailored properties represents new chemical feedstock advancement. In this work, functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (functional silsesquioxane) and quaternary ammonium compound immobilized metal graphene oxide (functional graphene oxide) hybrids with defined architectures were synthesized by wet chemical methods. The synthesized functional fillers were thoroughly characterized by using various techniques including electronic absorption (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman Spectroscopy, and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS). Functional silsesquioxane was incorporated into two polymer matrices, non-reactive and reactive, to achieve inorganic/organic composites. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) as non-reactive polymer matrix and poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4, 4′-oxydianiline), amic acid solution as reactive polymer matrix were used. Functional graphene oxide was incorporated in poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PMMA/PEG) blend matrix to achieve inorganic/organic composite. All the composites were prepared by low cost solution casting method. The physiochemical properties of the prepared composites were examined by using different techniques. The prepared composites analysis by FTIR, XRD, TGA, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and SEM indicated that the functional fillers were bonded through different set of interactions including electrostatic, van der Waal and hydrogen bonding and dispersed uniformly into the polymer matrices. The prepared composites showed excellent antifouling and antibacterial performances for bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, respectively. In addition, the prepared composites performance was checked with pure water flux and gas permeability/selectivity studies. The present study would be providing advantages over existing methods to prepare nanofiller/polymer composites such as low cost, proper dispersion of fillers that would allow obtaining excellent structural, thermal, optical and surface properties of polymer nanocomposite/nanohybrids for applied water treatment and other environmental applications.
Previous literature reveals diverse aspects of Balāghah (Arabic Rhetoric) and Majāz (figurative language), but very scanty literature exists on the evolution of both Balāghah and Majāz in Arabic language. This paper attempts to take an exhaustive review the existing literature in order to find out the stages and the factors which helped in the evolution of Balāghah and Majāz. The review reveals that the factors for development of Balāghah in Arabic language and rhetoric are figures of profane literature and their modification, evolution from oral tradition to written tradition, doctrine of ᾽I‛cjāz, doctrine of laḥn and Greek literature. The review also revealed the gradual evolution of Majāz through various stages which culminated in the works of Al-Jurjāni (d.471). The paper argues that Arabic rhetoric has remained stagnant since Al-Jurjāni, and it needs innovation in light of modern linguistic theories. This paper is a modest contribution to the literature on Arabic rhetoric and Majāz which may help the researchers working on Arabic rhetoric and metaphor, but it would recommend further research of classical and modern literature in order to achieve more insights on the evolution and development of Arabic rhetoric
In this study, lipases were isolated from two locally screened fungal strains i.e. Aspergillus crevinus and Aspergillus niger, optimized statistically and purified via fractionation of ammonium sulfate and through Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography. Lipases of A. crevinus and A. niger were 2.26-fold and 2.51-fold purified, having a specific activity of 223.60 U/mg and 233.66 U/mg, respectively. The molecular masses were estimated as 60 kDa for both strains by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The maximum lipase activities of both strains were shown at 4 % (W/V) alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CTS). The uniform size 2.0 ±0.25 mm diameter of chitosan-alginate (CTS-ALG) beads was developed by using ultrasonically dispersed 2.0 % (W/V) chitosan and alginate with 0.5 % (W/V) glutaraldehyde by means of macromolecular crosslinking agents. The detergent compatibility, leather dehairing purposes, removal of fat and grease, and estimation of triglyceride hydrolysis, various parameters were recorded .The effect of temperature, pH , substrate concentration, incubation period, modulators, activators and inhibitors, solvents, stabilizers, and surfactant on purified free (PF) lipase, CTSimmobilized, and combined CTS-ALG-immobilized lipase fractions, and reusability profile of CTS-immobilized lipase of both strains were investigated. The CTSimmobilized lipase fractions of both strains were optimally active and stable at temperature (30-55 °C) and pH (5-11). The stability of CTS-immobilized and CTSALG-immobilized lipases of both strains was increased as compared to PF lipase. Subsequently incubation for 75 min, CTS-ALG-LAC3 (chitosan-alginate lipase A. crevinus) retained > 95% activity at temperature 75 °C and pH 8.0, and CTS-ALG-LAN3 (chitosanalginate lipase A. niger) also retained >90 % activity at pH 9.0 and temperature 65 °C. The present work engrossed on the utilization of recently formed CTS-ALG immobilized lipases for industrial. It is suitable additive in detergents, rendering its latent candidature for tannery and leather industry.