The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and meaning of life and degree of religiosity in clinical and non-clinical groups. The clinical group (n=250) comprised individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD and the non-clinical group (n=250) consisted of those who were not suffering from any psychological disorder. The groups were compared in terms of their degrees of religiosity and meaning of life. The sample (N=500) was purposive, comprising equal number of males and females, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years (M=29.86, SD=8.10) and with educational level of graduation (14 years of schooling) or higher than that, which was taken from hospitals and other areas of Peshawar. It was hypothesized that the clinical group would have lower degrees of religiosity and meaning of life than the non-clinical group and that females would have higher degrees of religiosity and meaning of life as compared to males. The respondents’ degree of religiosity was determined by their scores obtained through the Index of Religiosity (IR). Their meaning of life was assessed through Life Regard Index-R (LRI-R). IPAT Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to measure the levels of anxiety and depression respectively. The data was statistically analyzed by using t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise regression. The results show that the non-clinical group had a significantly higher level of religiosity (t = 10.616, p = .000, d = .95) and meaning of life (t = 31.84, p = .000,d = 2.85) than the clinical group. Religiosity was found to be significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.50) and depression (r = -.49). Similarly meaning of life was also significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.86) and depression (r = -.71). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that meaning of life is the strongest negative predictor of both anxiety and depression. The females had a significantly higher level of religiosity than males (t = 3.991, p = .000, d = .31). The females scored higher on IPAT Anxiety scale and BDI-II but lower on LRI-R as compared to males. The gender differences were low and non-significant with small effect sizes in anxiety (t = 1.430, p = .153, d = 0.13), depression (t = .518, p = .605,d = 0.04) and meaning of life (t = .663, p = .508, d = 0.06). The main hypotheses were supported by the study. It is concluded that individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD experience lower levels of religiosity and meaning of life and females live through more religious lives. Females are only marginally more anxious and depressed than males and the males demonstrate slightly higher level of meaning of life than females. The study has implications for clinicians and general public.
4۔قتل قائم مقام خطاء "قائم مقام خطاء کی صورت یہ ہے کہ ایک شخص سویا ہو ا تھا ، اس نے کروٹ لی اور کروٹ لیتے ہو ئے کسی دوسرے شخص پر گر ا اور ا س کے بوجھ سے وہ شخص ہلاک ہو گیا تو اس صورت کا حکم قتل خطاء کا سا ہے "199 قتل قائم مقام خطاء کے احکام 1۔ قاتل پر کفارہ واجب ہوتا ہے ۔ 2۔ دوسرا حکم قاتل کی مددگار برادری پر دیت واجب ہو گی۔ جیسا کہ حضرت عبداللہ بن مسعود سے روایت ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا " فِي دِيَةِ الْخَطَأِ عِشْرُونَ حِقَّةً وَعِشْرُونَ جَذَعَةً وَعِشْرُونَ بِنْتَ مَخَاضٍ وَعِشْرُونَ بِنْتَ لَبُونٍ وَعِشْرُونَ بَنِي مَخَاضٍ ذُكُورٌ ۔ "200 " قتل خطاءکی دیت میں بیس 20ایسی اونٹنیاں جو تین سال کی ہو کر چوتھے سال میں لگی ہوں اور بیس 20ایسی اونٹنیاں ہیں جو چار برس کی ہو کر پانچویں برس میں لگی ہوں ا ور بیس20 ایسی اونٹنیاں جو ایک برس کی ہو کر دوسرے میں لگی ہوں اور بیس 20اونٹنیاں ایسی جو دو برس کی ہو کر تیسرے برس میں لگی ہوں اور بیس20 ایسے اونٹ ہیں جو ایک برس کے ہو کر دوسرے برس میں لگے ہوں۔ " تیسرا حکم قاتل ، مقتول کی میراث سے محروم ہو جائے گا۔
The Muslim nation shows great diversity in many ways: Ethnical, lingual, tribal, racial, colour, cultural, etc. Nevertheless, such differences have never been supposed to impede their way to their unity. The Muslim nation has far more reasons and mutual foundations to be united. But unfortunately, the Muslim history witnesses squabbles and skirmishes between different sects of this otherwise one Ummah. These disputes led us to the recesses of ignorance and intolerance, which in turn left us lagging behind the world and advancement, and now, we are called the third world, which is not an honour any way. We need to work on the similarities between different sects of the Muslim nation and let them learn how to live together keeping their differences. So that they may get united. All the Muslims sects fundamentally believe in the same set of beliefs, practices, and rituals. The differences in these areas are the differences of diversity and extensions, not of contradiction. This diversity is the beauty of deliberation and discussion, hence a reason for knowledge to grow, it should not be a matter of contentions. We need to highlight the mutual common grounds of Islamic beliefs and religiosity among the sects to unite this nation. We need to teach how to tolerate and respect each other with difference of opinions. We should encourage constructive dialogues between the Muslims sects and let them understand point of views of each other and thus remove the misconception about; each other. We should curb the contentious and discordant voices and build up an atmosphere where a healthy, tolerant and heterogeneous society may emerge and pave the way to Muslim unity and thence to success in this life and the life to come after death. In this perspective, the author of his present study explores to find the teachings and guidance of Islam. This is the theme of the present study.
This research is an attempt to solve the Dilemma of leadership regarding the behavior of leaders towards their
subordinates. Most of the previous literature on the leadership suggests that the leaders should differentiate
their behaviors depending upon the needs of subordinates as well as their level of maturity. But the current
research suggests the differentiation of behaviors on the part of leaders hampers group effectiveness.
Furthermore this differentiation also results in increase in counterproductive behaviors of employees.
When the employees observe that the leader is giving more attention to some group members and less to some
they feel that injustice is there in the organization. Due to this feeling of presence of injustice in the organization
they are engaged in counterproductive behaviors that decrease the overall effectiveness of the group. These
behaviors are not only harmful for the well being of the organization but employees as well. The research data
is gathered through structured questionnaires from different organizations in Faisalabad to enhance the
genralizability of research findings. The sample size comprised of 71 workgroups. The research tested a model
addressing group focused Leadership as well as differentiated individual Focused leadership.
Results of study revealed that differentiated Individual focused leadership is related negatively to group
effectiveness through increasing counter productivity where as group focused leadership relates positively to
group effectiveness by decreasing counter productivity. Managerial as well as future implications of the
research are also discussed. This research can be an effective guideline for the managers who think to
differentiate their behaviors towards their subordinates.