The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and meaning of life and degree of religiosity in clinical and non-clinical groups. The clinical group (n=250) comprised individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD and the non-clinical group (n=250) consisted of those who were not suffering from any psychological disorder. The groups were compared in terms of their degrees of religiosity and meaning of life. The sample (N=500) was purposive, comprising equal number of males and females, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years (M=29.86, SD=8.10) and with educational level of graduation (14 years of schooling) or higher than that, which was taken from hospitals and other areas of Peshawar. It was hypothesized that the clinical group would have lower degrees of religiosity and meaning of life than the non-clinical group and that females would have higher degrees of religiosity and meaning of life as compared to males. The respondents’ degree of religiosity was determined by their scores obtained through the Index of Religiosity (IR). Their meaning of life was assessed through Life Regard Index-R (LRI-R). IPAT Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to measure the levels of anxiety and depression respectively. The data was statistically analyzed by using t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise regression. The results show that the non-clinical group had a significantly higher level of religiosity (t = 10.616, p = .000, d = .95) and meaning of life (t = 31.84, p = .000,d = 2.85) than the clinical group. Religiosity was found to be significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.50) and depression (r = -.49). Similarly meaning of life was also significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.86) and depression (r = -.71). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that meaning of life is the strongest negative predictor of both anxiety and depression. The females had a significantly higher level of religiosity than males (t = 3.991, p = .000, d = .31). The females scored higher on IPAT Anxiety scale and BDI-II but lower on LRI-R as compared to males. The gender differences were low and non-significant with small effect sizes in anxiety (t = 1.430, p = .153, d = 0.13), depression (t = .518, p = .605,d = 0.04) and meaning of life (t = .663, p = .508, d = 0.06). The main hypotheses were supported by the study. It is concluded that individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD experience lower levels of religiosity and meaning of life and females live through more religious lives. Females are only marginally more anxious and depressed than males and the males demonstrate slightly higher level of meaning of life than females. The study has implications for clinicians and general public.
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استفہام بمعنی امر
بسااوقات استفہام امر کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے ۔ ذیل کی آیت:
"إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَاةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ"۔ [[1]]
"شیطان تو یہی چاہتا ہے کہ شراب اور جوئے کے ذریعے تمہارے درمیان دشمنی اور بغض کے بیج ڈال دے اور تمہیں اللہ کی یاد اور نماز سے روک دے ، اب بتاؤ کہ کیا تم ان چیزوں سے باز آ جاؤ گے"۔
اس آیت میں ’’فھل انتم منتھون ‘‘ در اصل ’’انتھوا عنھا‘‘ کے معنی میں مستعمل ہے ۔
"فَإِلَّمْ يَسْتَجِيبُوا لَكُمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا أُنْزِلَ بِعِلْمِ اللَّهِ وَأَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ"۔[[2]]
"اس کے بعد اگر یہ تمہاری بات قبول نہ کریں تو (اے لوگو) یقین کر لو کہ یہ وحی صرف اللہ کےحکم سے اتری ہےاور یہ کہ اللہ کے سوا کوئی عبادت کے لائق نہیں، تو کیا اب تم فرما بردار بنو گے"۔
جناب فلاحی کی رائے میں آیت مذکور میں ’’فھل انتم مسلمون‘‘ استفہام کے معنی میں نہیں بلکہ امر کے مفہوم میں استعمال ہوا ہے یعنی ’’اسلموا لھذا لاکتاب و آمنو ‘‘ ۔[[3]]
" قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ أَهْلَكَنِيَ اللَّهُ وَمَنْ مَعِيَ أَوْ رَحِمَنَا”[[4]]
"اے پیغمبر ان سے کہو کہ ذرا یہ بتلاؤ کہ چاہے اللہ مجھے اور میرے ساتھیوں کو ہلاک کر دے یا ہم پر رحم فرما دے"۔
قاضی ثناء اللہ پانی پتی کے مطابق ’’ارءیتم‘‘ میں ابتدائی ہمزہ استفہام تقریری کے لیے...
Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.
The Cd accumulation might result disturbances in plant metabolism causing several physio-biochemical and structural changes ultimately declining the crop productivity. Having recognized the adverse effects of Cd on plants it is imperative to understand the mechanisms of Cd effects through its accumulation, transportation and the relationships of Cd effects with growth, antioxidant systems and the mineral nutrients, and then the contribution of SA in alleviating the Cd toxicity in basmati rice. The experiments were conducted in two phases (plant and callus) under different combinations of Cd (control, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 μM) without or with SA (0.0 and 0.1 mM) with four genotypes of basmati rice (Basmati-198, Basmati-2000, Basmati-370 and Kashmir Basmati). The results revealed variable Cd accumulation pattern in the both culture systems (seedling and callus). Roots showed higher Cd accumulation as compared to shoot and callus. The lower Cd accumulation of callus than root exhibited less sensitivity of callus to Cd-induced stress. A two phase linear concentration-dependent Cd accumulation pattern was observed in root and shoot whereas in callus Cd accumulated in a linear concentration-dependent fashion with the elevating Cd levels in the both culture media. However, protective effect of SA on root or shoot and the callus inhibited the Cd accumulation from the both media revealing the possibility of occurrence of the formation of stable SA-Cd complexes. Higher amounts of H 2 O 2 and MDA caused Cd-induced oxidative stress elevating the activities of antioxidants (CAT and POD) which accelerated the accumulation of solutes disturbing mineral nutrients and water status in the both media. The uneven SOD activity exhibited that differences existed among the genotypes to withstand the Cd toxicity. The application of SA in combination with the elevating Cd stress showed improvements in the SOD activity indicating that higher SOD activity might modulate the activities of other enzymes and regulate the solutes maintaining water relations under Cd-induced oxidative stress and ultimately the growth in the both culture media. Based on Cd translocation factor and the root STI, and the callus BCF and STI factors, Basmati-198 showed more tolerance to Cd toxicity followed by Basmati-2000 and Basmati-370 whereas Kashmir Basmati was observed prone to Cd toxicity.