Coal has been using as a major source of energy all over the world formany centuries. In Pakistan, with an average estimation, coal reserves of about 185 billion tons has been reported and stands 7th in ranking based on the lignite coal resources which is being utilized for commercial as well as domestic usage. In the present study, 417 coal mines located in the Eastern Salt Range of Pakistan were visited, out of which only 64 mines were active. It was found that most of the mines in study area were abandoned due to poor quality of coal seam and failures due to stresses, seepage and poor support system. Despite living in the 21st century, obsolete methods for roof supports are being employed in the coal mines which is an alarming situation. In order to eliminate the above-mentioned issues so that maximum production can be achieved while considering the safety measures as well, a methodology was proposed in this research.Four classification systems, namely Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Q-system, Laubscher’s Geomechanics Classification (MRMR) and Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR), were employed to characterize the rock masses, estimation of support system and support pressures. The data required for empirical studies was collected through geological and engineering geological mapping, discontinuity surveys and testing of samples of rock and timber in laboratory and in the fieldas well. The main rock units in the study area were limestone, sandstone, claystone, shale, carbonaceous shale and coal. According to the results of classification systems, it is evaluated that the rock units lay in different classes i.e. limestone is very good to poor, sandstone and claystone are good to very poor, shale and carbonaceous shale are fair to extremely poor, and coal is fair to very poor. The regression analyses of scattered data were conducted in order to establish relations among the classification systems. The results obtained were quite similar to the previous researches. RMR and CMRR classification systemsrecommended the installation of bolts and shotcrete,MRMR proposed the usage of timbering for strong lithologies while Q-system ended up with unsupported reinforcement category but usage of bolts isalways emphasized upon, in order to increase the factor of safety and avoid any fatal incident.
مولانا شاہ وصی اﷲ رحمۃ اﷲ حضرت مولانا شاہ وصی اﷲ رحمۃ اﷲ کی وفات سے رشد و ہدایت کا ایک روشن چراغ گل ہوگیا، وہ اس دور کے بڑے شیخ طریقت اور سالکین کی اصلاح و تربیت میں اپنے مرشد حضرت مولانا تھانویؒ کا مثنی تھے، ان کی وفات کے بعد ان کی ذات طالبین کا مرجع بن گئی تھی، ان سے ایک مخلوق فیضیاب ہوئی، ان کی اصلاح و تربیت سے ہزاروں بگڑی ہوئی زندگیاں سنور گئیں، گم کر وہ راہوں کو راہ راست اور تاریک دلوں کو ایمان کی روشنی ملی ادھر چند برسوں سے جب مولانا نے اپنے وطن فتح پور تال ترجا کا گوشۂ عافیت چھوڑ کر الٰہ آباد کا قیام اختیار فرمایا، آپ کا فیض پورے ہندوستان میں پھیل گیا تھا، جدید تعلیم یافتہ طبقہ کا مرجوعہ خاص طور سے بہت بڑھ گیا تھا اور اس کی خصوصیت سے زیادہ فائدہ پہنچا۔ حضرت مولانا خلقۃً نحیف و ناتواں تھے، عمر کے تقاضے اور فالج کے اثر نے اور کمزور کردیا تھا، اس کے باوجود آپ کے معمولات اور فیض رسانی میں فرق نہ آیا تھا، اسی حالت میں گزشتہ شعبان میں حج کا قصد فرمایا، مگر وقت موعود آچکا تھا، جہاز کی روانگی کے کل دو دن بعد ۲۵؍ نومبر کی شب کو تہجد کی نماز سے فراغت کے بعد اور فجر کی نماز سے پہلے روح مبارک عالم قدس میں پہنچ گئی، جہاز کے قاعدہ کے مطابق ہر متوفی کی لاش تجہیز و تکفین کے بعد سمندر کی موجوں کے حوالے کردی جاتی ہے، مگر جس دربار سے طلبی ہوئی تھی، اسی نے اس کا انتظام بھی کردیا کہ لاش کو جدہ لے جانے کی اجازت مل گئی، اور یقین ہے کہ اس وقت تک جسدِ خاکی کو جنتُ البقیع کی مقدس سرزمین میں سپرد خاک کردیا گیا ہوگا۔ پہنچی...
Agile methods of software development have been used widely over the last decade, and the majority of organizations have now embraced them in their projects. Thus, the current study explored the positive influence of agile practices on individuals' intentions to stay at their employment. In accordance with this objective, the study looked at the role of job characteristics in mediating the association between agile methods and intention to stay. A sample of 486 employees was contacted through online survey using the Google Forms platforms during the period of September 2021 who practice the agile methods while working at their organizations. They provided data on the questionnaires of agile practices, job characteristics, and intention to stay. Findings postulated that agile practices have significant impact on employees’ intention to stay. Results further reported the significant mediation through job characteristics between agile practices and intention to stay. Findings showed that the job when is designed on feedback, skill variety, job autonomy, task identity and task significance mediate an impact of practising agile methods on intention to stay.
In the existing cropping systems exhaustive crops, like hybrid maize, require more nutrient inputs due to excessive removal of nutrients. Integrated use of organic and inorganic manures may not only satiate the need of such crops but this may also be an economical and environment friendly nutrient source. A field study was conducted during 2008 and 2009 following RCBD with three replications at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application from separate and integrated organic and inorganic sources on the maize (Zea mays L.) were evaluated. In the first study poultry manure and press mud as organic amendments; and single superphosphate (SSP) as chemical amendment of P were evaluated in different combinations. In the second study composted wheat and rice straws were integrated with the sulphate of potash (SOP) to be used as the K source. Agronomic, physiological and quality parameters were recorded to establish variations in yield associated with integrated use of organo-chemical P and K fertilizers. In both years the mean grain yield was increased up to 7.48 t ha -1 and 7.2 t ha -1 with the integration of organic and inorganic (25% poultry manure + 75% SSP and 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP) amendments for integrated P and K management, respectively. The relationship between grain yield and yield components, in both the studies, was highly significant (P<0.05) and positive. In the first study the 5 th treatment (25% poultry manure + 75% SSP) out yielded rest of the treatments due to greater total dry matter production that was resulted from more leaf area duration and higher crop growth rate. Regarding application of K from the integrated sources, treatment containing 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP gave maximum total dry matter (1928.2 g m -2 ), higher cumulative leaf area duration (218.5 days) and mean crop growth rate (29.01 g m -2 day -1 ). In both studies, there was linear and positive correlation between grain yield and cumulative leaf area duration. Application of 75% SSP with 25% poultry manure and 75% SOP with 25% composted rice straw in both studies showed maximum uptake of P and K, respectively. In both years, the treatment combination of first study, 25% poultry manure + 75% SSP, earned highest net income viz, Rs.84410/- ha -1 and Rs.100695/- ha -1 . Regarding the second study, the integrated use of 25% composted rice straw + 75% SOP earned maximum net income of Rs.77907/- ha -1 and Rs. 84920/- ha -1 , respectively. Results suggested that integration of organic amendments of P and K with inorganic source was significantly better over the separate application of inorganic source.