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Home > Government Pluralistic Societies: A Case Study of Pakistan 1988-1999

Government Pluralistic Societies: A Case Study of Pakistan 1988-1999

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Batool, Lubna

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Politics & International Relations

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13840/1/Lubna_Batool_Politics_IR_2018_HSR_IIU.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724737785

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Pakistan has a plural society; its governance model is more focused on state-building rather than nation-building. This model is a colonial legacy which is incompatible with its diverse society and hence not mending to needs of diverse polity. The history of Pakistan since existence has thrown up governability issues; its governance model (Majoritarian) tends to provide an effective governance system through majority or one party rule (based on electoral mechanism) rather than representing all important segments of society. The reality lies in the incompatibility of this governance system and the social norms of Pakistan. This system was used by colonial power to exploit the society and resources of sub-continent. Pakistan, after its birth, had to face the major issue of a unanimously accepted and drafted constitution for years. Similarly, factional fissure in the founding political party i.e. the Muslim League and lack of consensus over lingua franca also generated issues. The adopted constitution (1935 Indian Act) was a continuity of the centralized federal and old British exploitative system. This system implanted seeds of many issues including the debacle of East-Pakistan. Pakistan inherited many colonial legacies and practiced them continuously. The most prominent channel of these legacies was constitutions formed and abrogated in different era i.e. Constitutions 1956, 1962 and finally 1973 which also saw many amendments by civilian and military governments. There are contradictions in the constitution and power-sharing mechanism which produced the conflict over distributive management. This thesis aims to raise issue of mainstreaming the marginalized groups into polity through quality democracy. Pakistan is a land of diverse people, cultures and languages. These identities are in constant and direct clash with central government over mismanagement of resources and un-proportional division of jobs in public leading institutions. The hegemony of few ethnic and lingual groups brought about political movements. However, NFC awards were announced many times and provinces agreed upon a shared formula. Same pattern of compromise by political elites can also be traced in political history of Pakistan. The same compromise, accommodation, consensus and positive role of the political elites are the very essence of the Consociationalism. This federal design has a history of development in Europe and growth and application in Asian and African countries, too. This study observes some successful stories of Consociations which has close resemblance to Pakistan in their political and social developments. Scholars inside and outside Pakistan are debating the incompatibility of Majoritarian Model to manage plural society of Pakistan. The print and electronic media of Pakistan is also raising the concern of intelligentsia with the relationship between structures of the federal system of Pakistan with its society. This debate is very important to find out some hypothetical panacea to provide quality democracy, although not aiming to refute another practice.
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پروفیسر عبد الحق بہ طور مرتب

پروفیسر عبد الحق کی ایک حیثیت مرتب کی بھی ہے جو ان کے چند شائع شدہ نسخوں میں نظر آتی ہے۔ اپنی صدارت کے دوران انہوں نے چھوٹا سا خبر نامہ شعبہ اردو دہلی یونیورسٹی میں EDIT کیا۔ اس میں ان کی ایڈیٹنگ کی صلاحیت بروئے کار آئی۔ اس دوران دو کتابیں ” تحقیقی تصورات“ اور ”تنقیدی تصورات “بھی ان کی ترتیب نگاری کی واضح مثالیں ہیں۔ ایم ۔فل اور پی۔ ایچ۔ ڈی کے طلبا کو اپنی تحقیق اور تنقید کے دوران یہ دونوں کتا ہیں مشعل راہ کا کام دیتی ہیں ۔پروفیسر عبد الحق کی تالیف شدہ کتاب ” عصری لغت “بھی ان کے EDITING SKILL کی نماز ہے۔ تمام کتب میں پروفیسر عبد الحق ایک کامیاب مرتب کی حیثیت سے جلوہ گر ہیں۔ ”دیوان حاتم“ ان کی ممتاز اور عمدہ ترین ترتیب ہے۔ ”اقبال کے شعری اسالیب “بھی پروفیسر عبد الحق کی مرتب کردہ تخلیق ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کی یہ کتاب 1989ء میں شائع ہوئی ۔ انہوں نے اس موضوع پر اقبال پر ایک بین الاقوامی مذاکرہ کرایا تھا جس میں پڑھے گئے مضامین کو مرتب کر کے ایک کتاب کی شکل میں شائع کرایا گیا ۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کی تصنیف ” اقبال کی شعری و فکری جہات “1998ء میں منظر عام پر آئی ۔یہ کتاب اس عنوان کے تحت منعقد کیےگئے ایک سیمینار کا مجموعہ ہے۔ اسے مرتب کر کے اشاعت پذیر کیا گیا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے میر عماد الدین محمود الہی الحسینی ہمدانی کے مخطوطہ جات جمع کیے اور” تذکرہ الہی “کے عنوان سے پیش کیے۔ فارسی زبان و ادب کی تاریخ و تذکرہ نگاری میں یہ مخطوطہ ایک ناگزیر حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ پروفیسر موصوف کا دریافت شدہ یہ واحد قلمی نسخہ ہے جو میر الہی کی حینِ حیات کا ہے۔ فارسی یا تذکرہ و تاریخ پروفیسر عبد...

السلام فی القرآن الكريم

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Physiological Basis of Heat Stress Tolerance in Mungbean Vigna Radiata Germplasm

This study focused on the high temperature tolerance of mungbean varieties using plexiglass canopy to increase the prevailing high temperature. The plant measurements were made for heat induced changes growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, osmolytes accumulation, oxidative stress and antioxidative response, shoot, root and seed nutrient and yield attributes at different growth stages. Data revealed that heat tolerance in mungbean was variable at three prime foliation and flowering stages. The varieties exhibiting prolific root system and leaf area (e.g., NM-2011 and NM-2006) were more tolerance to heat stress. Heat stress caused the loss of chlorophyll and inhibition of the leaf gas exchange. The tolerant varieties incurred a minimum loss of photosynthetic pigments; more importantly increased carotenoids contents were closely associated to heat tolerance. Among the studied osmolytes, the accumulation of soluble sugars and GB at flowering stage contribute greatly to heat tolerance in the studied varieties. Due to high temperature, the production of hydrogen peroxide (as reactive oxygen species) and malondialdehyde was seen, but the tolerant varieties produced minimum amounts of these oxidative stress metabolites, while the accumulation of phenolics, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid were able to possibly protect the membrane especially in the tolerant varieties. The success of the tolerant varieties in displaying greater pod growth and seed yield characters appeared to be due maintenance of greater nutrient contents both in the shoot and root tissues especially under excessive high temperature stress. In conclusion, mungbean showed a large genetic variability for tolerance to heat stress at flowering and maturity stages. This implied that the varieties with a tendency to maintain greater nutrient contents was better able to withstand heat stress conditions. Among the studied attributes, the heat stress induced oxidative stress appeared to be a main reason for mungbean susceptibility to high temperature. Future studies will further our understanding on heat tolerance mechanisms and mungbean improvement programs for better growth in warmer areas.