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Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment of Lahore City Based on Modified Drastic Model in Gis

Thesis Info

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Author

Shahid, Umair

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

History & geography

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8352/1/Syed_Umair_Shahid_Remote_Sensing_%26_Geogr_infor_HSR_2017_NUST_4.12.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724738481

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Water quality is considered as a major issue in the mega cities of developing countries. The city of Lahore has over 10 million population with the highest population density in the Punjab Province, Pakistan. The objectives of the study were to a) assess the temporal variations in physicochemical groundwater parameters and arsenic in the study area and b) create groundwater pollution vulnerability map of the study area using a modified DRASTIC model. The water samples (n = 73) were collected from tubewells and tested for arsenic and physicochemical parameters (alkalinity, calcium, pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, hardness, and chlorides). Similar physicochemical water quality parameter data were also obtained from Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) for the year 2012. The data exploration was performed using SPSS software. ArcGIS spatial analyst, geostatistical analyst, Getis-Ord Gi* statistics and model builder were used for mapping the water quality and analysis of the modified DRASTIC model. Various interpolation methods (radial basis functions, inverse distance weighting and kriging) were used for mapping the water quality to come up with the best groundwater quality map. Comparison of different interpolation methods based on the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) closer to zero showed that kriging produced better results than the other interpolation methods. The spatial distribution map of groundwater arsenic of 2015 showed that the arsenic concentrations above WHO guideline (10 μg/L) exist almost in the entire study area, whereas, the concentrations are above the national standards for drinking water quality of Pakistan (50 μg/L) in some areas of Ravi Town (Farrukhabad/Shahdra). Getis-Ord Gi* statistics revealed a significant (p < 0.05) hotspot of arsenic in the vicinity of River Ravi. While in the eastern parts of the study area, the arsenic concentrations had a decreasing trend. viii The modified DRASTIC model revealed that 51.38%, 36.77%, 9.48% and 2.37% area could be categorized in terms of vulnerability as low, moderate, high and very high, respectively. The ‘high’ and ‘very high’ vulnerability classes were found along the River Ravi and nearby areas, especially in Ravi Town (Farrukhabad/Shahdra). It is recommended that the arsenic removal plants should be installed at all the tubewells with higher arsenic levels (arsenic concentration > 50 ppb) to provide safe drinking water to the citizens of Lahore. Moreover, the spatio-temporal techniques used for analysis of water quality should be applied in other mega cities for better monitoring and management of drinking water quality.
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المبحث الثاني: صدِ برگ

المبحث الثاني: صدِ برگ

 (صدِ برگ) ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ الثانیۃ لبروین شاکر والتي جاء ت إلی الساحۃ الأدبیۃ في (1980م )بعد انقطاع مدۃ ثلاث سنوات، ولکن الشعراء والأدباء لم یعطوا لھذہ المجموعۃ منزلۃ عالیۃ کالخوشبو، إنما اعتبروھا أقل خیال وأدنی مرتبۃ من خوشبو وبعض الناقدین قاموا بنقدھا. تقول بروین عن مجموعتھا ھذہ:

 ’’لقد تغیر المنظر عندما ألفتُ صد برگ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ منظر حیاتی وحیاۃ ھذہ الأرض التي کان وجودي بوجودھا۔۔۔۔‘‘[1]. وفعلاً ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ قیمتھا أقل من المجموعۃ الشعریۃ السابقۃ (خوشبو) ولکن بعض الأدباء شجعوھا ورفعوا من معنویاتھا وقالوا عن صدِ برگ أنھا تطور وإبداع اکثر في أفکار الشاعرۃ ویتضح فیھا جمال کلماتھا الھادئة۔ وتقول قرۃ العین طاھرۃ ’’أن في خوشبو سُمع صوت الفتاۃ أکثر من صوت المرأۃ، ولکن في صدِ برگ حصلت الموازنۃ بین المجموعتین وقد أکتمل الناقص، ولم يکن في ھذہ المجموعۃ التعبیر عن الأحلام فقط، إنما کانت صورۃ صادقۃ عن الحیاۃ‘‘[2]۔

 یتضح من ذلک أن عمل بروین تطور نحو الأحسن والأفضل تدریجیاً، وأن مجموعۃ (صدِ برگ) تعطي صورۃ واضحۃ عن شخصیۃ الشاعرۃ، وأختارت کلمات بلیغۃ وتراکیب شاملۃ عن الحیاۃ وفلسفۃ المصاعب والمشاکل الیومیۃ۔ وتقول الدکتورۃ سلطانۃ بخش أن بروین شاکر ’’ظھرت فی مجموعتھا صدِ برگ علی شکل شاعرۃ ولا حول لھا ولا قوۃ ونسقت احساساتھا من دنیا الأحلام إلی الدنیا الحقیقیۃ وإلی مشاعر الوجدان مع ربط ھذہ الإحساسات بالقلب، وتنظر الحیاۃ علی حقیقتھا بأعین واعیۃ، وتخرج من عالم الکوابیس والأحلام إلی دنیا الواقع الحقیقي‘‘[3]۔

 یتضح من ذلك أن عملھا ھذا کان صورۃ واضحۃ عن رُقیھا وتقدمھا من الناحیۃ الأدبیۃ وأعطت صورۃ شاملۃ عن نظرۃ الحیاۃ وأصولھا وأھم قوانینھا۔



[1] بروین شاکر، صدِ برگ۔

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تجارتی معاملات میں ترغیبات و مراعات کی انواع و اقسام: شریعت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Wherever person goes, he finds unless it finds advertisement tools in various shapes and sizes. These ads, which have become an important pattern in the life of traders are indispensable for them than in contemporary reality. But now companies are specializing in the production of these ads and incentives, taking advantage of all the modern means of magazines and broadcasting video and audio formats and even mobile internet services.  Each of these companies have their own philosophy of it, some of which consider the legitimate controls in advertisements but other are to make money regardless of the appropriateness of these ads or following the controls of legitimacy and this research aims at highlighting the most important of these Islamic perspective controls which must be adhered when designing these commercials ads.  Islam regulates the trade system and provides a sound guideline to its followers. It has forbidden all the malpractices being exercised in business and its advertisement. The research talks about the commercial advertisements, their types, aims and the opinions of Islamic experts about them. Besides, the research proves that advertisement is permissible according to shariah.

Indias Military Modernization: Implications for Strategic Stability in South Asia

The Indian military’s modernization drive is a credible threat to the deterrence stability of South Asia. Both states are sharing the most dangerous porous border in the world because of many unresolved issues which may trigger a limited or total war in the region. The possibility of nuclear exchange could not be ruled out because of the uncertain nature of the relationship between both states.This study aims to focus on three main areas: first to analyze Indian threat perceptions, internal and external security vulnerabilities and possible factors to drive military’s modernization plans, its strength, and capabilities. Secondly, to highlight the implications of force multipliers inducted in the Indian military for Pakistan’s security and deterrence stability in South Asia. The last part would discuss possible counter-measures for Pakistan to overcome this imminent threat.The Indian defense budget for the fiscal year 2016-17 have crossed the US$ 52.2 billion mark, and it is expected to increase in the near future to keep up the pace of modernization and overcome the operational gaps in its overall military machine. It has allocated huge funds for the development of its Army, Air Force, Navy, Network Centric Warfare and Electronic Warfare capabilities. The induction of Spy satellite Risaat-II and UAVs from Israel would keep 24/7 check on the strategic sites, LoC and deployment of Pakistani troops close to the border.India has inked deals with the European firms to induct the latest Aircraft for air superiority. Indian naval capabilities may undermine Pakistan’s long-term maritime interests in the Indian Ocean. The Indian military modernization reveals that it is on course to achieve regional hegemony and to operationalize its aggressive doctrines against Pakistan. Pakistan cannot afford conventional arms race with India, which compels Pakistan to increase its reliance on tactical nukes and improve the quality and quantity of its nuclear weapons to achieve credible deterrence against aggressive maneuvers of India in south Asia.