Ernest Hemingway''s Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea is an extraverted individual who is rarely ever home; he is usually out there in the sea. On the other hand, he lives a lonely life and is secluded from the people around him. He thinks of himself as a champion angler who, despite his old age, can catch big fish. He dreams of his past glory and hopes that once again he will be what he was in his youth. His desire to be the champion angler once again blinds him to his old age. Lonely and alone, Manolin, Santiago''s apprentice-boy believes in him and in his dream. He is the only companion that he has both in the sea and on the land. Santiago thinks the world of himself in being the ''champion angler'' which he was in his youth. The long dry spell of not being able to catch fish has made him sceptical and has earned him the title, ''salao,'' from his peers. In addition to repeating his past feats, he wants to prove to his people that he is more than what they think of him. While his strict adherence to the old and traditional ways to catch fish shows his love and attachment with the sea and fishing, it also shows how he has failed to stay in touch with time. Thus his personality is lopsided, which prevents him from partaking in the mainstream life; hence being marginalized and ostracized. He will continue to face such problems until he compromises a sense of himself between what he thinks he is and what the world around him thinks of him: he has to re-connect with his unconscious as Jung would say.
Library research is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. In this study, the authors used the following data collection methods Research library (library research) It is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. Field research (field research) is direct retrieval of the object under study by taking the following steps Observation, namely data collection through direct observation of the object under study, Interviews, namely conducting interviews with leaders and parties interested in the object of research.
Acid phosphatase-I (Apase-I) from seeds of N. nucifera Gaertn was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE of purified Apase-I gave a single band with molecular mass of 80 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, indicating that the enzyme was a monomer. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at 50 ºC and at pH 5. The Km, Vmax and Kcat for p-nitrophenyl phosphate were 132 mM, 10 mmol/min/mg and 6.7/s respectively. Apase-I activity was strongly inhibited by Zn,++ W,3+ weakly inhibited by Cu,++ Mo++ and Cr6+ and moderately activated by Mg2+. The enzyme was shown to be thermo-labile as it lost 50 % of its activity after incubation for 1 hour. The amino acid analysis of enzyme revealed high proportion of acidic amino acids, which is very similar to that of tomato Apase-I and lower than potato Apase. The in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, antileishmanial effects as well as cholinesterase and urease inhibitory activities of various fractions of N. nucifera were also determined followed by investigation the anti-acetylcholinesterase, antihyerglycemic, antihyperlipidemic activities and antioxidant enzymes effects of N. nucifera extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats in vivo. Shade dried seed powder of N. nucifera was extracted with methanol (crude), suspended in distilled water and further fractionated to yield n-hexane (N1), chloroform (N2) , ethyl acetate (N3) and butanol (N4) soluble fractions while the remaining portion was used as aqueous fraction (N5). Nelumbo nucifera seeds volatile oil (essential oil, EO) as well as non-volatile oil (fixed oil, NnFO) were also obtained through standard procedures and their gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out. The crude extract, subsequent fractions and EO were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The N3 fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 191, 450 μg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 μg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 μg/mL (superoxide anion) respectively. The N3 fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2 μg/mL in dose-dependent manner. The presence of saponins, alkaloids and glycosides might attribute to the promising bioactivity of crude and fractions (detected in phytochemical tests) while EO constituted 19 phytochemicals (mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes) responsible for its promising bioactivity. Crude methanolic extract, subsequent fractions and fixed oil (NnFO) were subjected to different biological activities and enzyme inhibition assays to investigate beneficial potential of this medicinal XVI plant. Promising antibacterial effects were shown by the N3 (69%) and N4 (65%) against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis respectively, while maximum antifungal effect was exhibited by N4 against Candida glaberata (75%). All the extracts of N. nucifera showed potent cytotoxicity in Brine shrimp lethality assay. Potent antileishmanial activity was observed for N. nucifera N3 fraction (IC50 = 6.88 ±1.27 μg/mL) and NnFO (IC50 = 7.34 ±2.72 μg/mL). The N3 and N4 fractions also showed strong inhibition against both Jack Bean urease and Bacillus Pastry urease in dose dependent manner with IC50 values of 21.45±0.6, 35.76 ±0.4 and 28.65±.0.3, 44.87±0.2 μg/mL respectively. GC-MS analysis of the fix oil NnFO revealed the presence of 39 compounds mainly comprised of 20.8 % keto fatty acids with high content of palmitic acid (13 %) and nonanoic acid (11.89 %). The in vivo investigation of antidiabetic, antiacetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes effects of methanlic crude and isolated compounds, nuciferin and norcoclaurine from the seeds of N. nucifera in alloxan induced diabetic rats were performed. The alloxan (100 mg/kg b.w) induced diabetic rats (200-250 g) were divided into seven groups (n = 6). Group I; normal control, Group II; diabetic control, Group III; standard, Group lV-VII were methanolic crude extracts (100, 200 mg/kg), nuciferin and norcoclaurine (10 mg/kg b.w.), received for 15 days in dose dependent manner. The study included: examination of oral glucose, fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile and checking of body weight changes. In oral glucose examination, within 60 and 80 minutes of sample induction, nuciferin and norcoclaurine significantly reduced blood glucose (P<0.05) and restored body weight in diabetic rats. Alloxan induced diabetic rats reported 30-50% reduction of blood glucose level (P<0.05) and improved 5-20% body weight at day 15 after ingestion of 100-200 mg/kg crude extracts and nuciferin and norcoclaurine (10 mg/kg b.w.). It also improved elevated biochemical parameters such as triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), serum urea and creatinine significantly. Antioxidant enzyme assays i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase test (CAT), lipid peroxidation assay (TBARS), glutathione assay (GSH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays were performed. Nuciferin and norcoclaurine significantly reduced blood glucose (p<0.05) and restored body weight in diabetic rats. Diabetes caused decrease in the antioxidant enzymes level (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH). However, nuciferin and norcoclaurine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes in diabetic groups. While, significant increase in TBARS level was observed in diabetic group. Nuciferin and norcoclaurine (10 mg/kg) prevented this increase of diabetic animals (p<0.05) as compared to glibenclmide. AChE levels were significantly decreased both in blood and brain of diabetic group XVII (p<0.05). Our results demonstrated that Nuciferin and norcoclaurine improved memory and interfered with the cholinergic signalling. Our findings have proven that various fractions of N.nucifera seeds possess cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes effects in diabetic rats (P<0.05), which might be due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Further studies are required to isolate the major bioactive constituents and to verify the potent effects in both in vitro and in vivo results.