آہ ! ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا
افسوس ہے کہ ۹؍ جولائی کو ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا نے ممبئی میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ مشہور عالم، دانشور اور ممتاز مصنف اور اسکالر تھے، ان کا شمار مسلمانوں کے لائق، قابل، صاحب کمال مدبر اور عالی دماغ لوگوں میں ہوتا تھا، وہ بڑے غور و فکر کے بعد بالغ نظری سے حالات و واقعات اور مسائل کا تجزیہ کر کے صحیح رخ اور سمت کا تعین کرتے تھے، ان کے استنباط اور بحث کے نتائج سے اختلاف کرنے والے بھی ان کی بصیرت، دیدہ وری، دقت نظر اور باخبری کا اعتراف کرتے تھے، ان کی وفات کے بعد ان کا خلا شدت سے محسوس کیا جارہا ہے۔
ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا پر دل کا شدید دورہ پڑا تھا، جس سے سخت بے چینی اور سینے اور کمر میں بڑی تکلیف تھی، ابھی اسپتال لے جانے کی تیاری ہی ہورہی تھی کہ وقت موعود آگیا، ان کا آبائی وطن اورنگ آباد تھا، یہاں وہ اپریل ۱۹۲۶ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، یہ تقسیم سے پہلے ریاست حیدرآباد کا حصہ تھا، لسانی جارحیت اور اردو دشمنی نے ریاست حیدرآباد کے تمام اضلاع کو انڈین یونین کی کئی ریاستوں میں اس طرح منقسم کردیا کہ اردو کا کوئی مخصوص علاقہ نہ بننے پائے، چنانچہ اورنگ آباد اب مہاراشٹر میں شامل ہے، مرحوم کو ان کی وصیت کے مطابق یہیں ان کے آبائی قبرستان میں سپرد خاک کیا گیا۔
اورنگ آباد میں تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد ممبئی یونیورسٹی سے ایم اے کیا اور چانسلر گولڈ میڈل حاصل کیا، ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری لندن یونیورسٹی سے حاصل کی اور بارایٹ لالنکنز ان سے کیا، واپس آکر وکالت شروع کی، طالب علمی ہی کے زمانے میں سیاست کی خارزار سے الجھ گئے اور طلبہ کے لیڈر بن کر ابھرے، ۱۹۴۲ء میں ’’ہندوستان چھوڑو‘‘ تحریک...
Self-concept refers to the domain of self-descriptions that have self-evaluative connotation. Though many researchers embarked in the study of self-concept, and some even developed tests that measured self-concept, majority of these instruments had methodological and theoretical problems due to lack of systematic instrument development and presentation. The objective of the study is to develop a reliable and valid alternative approach to measuring the self in a semi-structured undisguised comics-type test that directly accounts for the way college students consider their choices of superheroes’ traits that characterizes their own. A preliminary survey on self-concept, in a form of open-ended statements was conducted to five hundred ninety-eight (598) college students of selected schools in Manila and Bulacan to know how college students see themselves indicatory of their self-concepts. Results of which, were collated to form the preliminary form. The preliminary form of the SCSS was administered to five hundred ninety-five (595) college students of different universities and colleges. Eighty-eight (88) items under eight (8) components were subjected to item analysis by identifying factors through a series of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Descriptive results were also calculated, as well as the exact reliability coefficient through split-half and Cronbach’s alpha. For the validity, content analysis was applied using two groups of experts who ascertain the suitability of each item in terms of content, relevance, clarity, appropriateness and their representations. They include three (3) experts who have a long experienced in comics industry and another three (3) experts in the field of college students’ self-concept formation. From the total of 88 items, 30 items were eliminated. However, the items that constitute the final form of the SCSS was concentrated into 55 items under six (6) factors upon post-analysis consideration. Statistical analysis revealed that the experts’ ratings were consistent and has high reliability with a generated r value of.894. The SCSS final form was administered to 809 respondents following the same procedures that were used for the preliminary form. The test scores were subjected to reliability facility, such as Alpha Coefficient and Split-Half, computing the reliability coefficients of the final form. Validity was established through convergent analysis, tested in a sample of 419 respondents who took the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS: 2) Adult Form. The test was found to have high reliability with r =.792.
Flavonoids are the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet including fruits, vegetables, nuts and plant derived beverages, tea and wine. These compounds have been reported to possess a wide range of bio-activities. Structural variations of these flavonoids are associated with many different biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflamatory, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Antioxidant enzymes as well as non enzymatic antioxidants are the first line of defense against oxidative stress. This oxidative stress is the underline mechanism for diabetic complications. In recent years, the high therapeutic properties of flavonoids and their analogues have brought attention of chemists to synthesize various kinds of their derivatives by improving the existing synthetic methodologies.It is therefore, the aim of present study was to synthesis and characterize the novel flavonoids and their derivatives. These compounds were screened for their antioxidants potential and evaluate their antihyperglycemic activity. By using Claisen−Schmidt condensation, 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone was allowed to condense with different aromatic aldehydes. Four kinds of products were isolated; chalcones (105, 106, 108, 110, 115, 119, 121), flavanones (107, 109, 111, 120, 123), Arylmethylidene flavanone (112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 122, 124, 127, 128) and 2-Arylmethylidene indanones (125, 126). A series of chalcones (131-135) was also synthesized by reacting 2 hydroxy-5-nitro acetophenone with different aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized chalcones 134 underwent cyclization in the presence of iodine to obtain compound 136. Compound 105 was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to obtain 2-(5-(2-nitrophenyl)4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3 yl)benzene-1,4-diol (129) and compound 108 was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to form 2 (5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)benzene-1,4-diol (130). The compound (125) was reacted with different N-substituted-2-bromoacetamide (137-139) to form compound (144-146). After reacting 8-acetyl-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (142) with 2′-Bromo-N-benzylacetamide (137), the product 2-[(8-acetyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen 7-yl)-oxy]-N-phenylacetamide (143) was obtained. All the synthesized compounds were characterized and confirmed through spectroscopic analysis i.e., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry (EIMS). The compounds 105-126, 129, 130 and 131-135 were checked for their antioxidant potential by α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, Iron chelating activity, Iron chloride (FeCl3) reducing power activity, Phosphomolybdinum assay and 2,2′ azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activity. Among all the synthesized compounds, the chalcones 105, 106, 108, 110, 115, 119, and 121 showed excellent antioxidant activity. The chalcones 105, 110 and 115 exhibited better antioxidative behavior than trolox and ascorbic acid. The Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in normal hyperglycemic rats for compounds 105, 106, 107, 108 and 109. The compound 109 exhibited good activity in normal hyperglycemic rats while the compound 105 showed significant activity in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats as compared to reference Glabenclamide. For in silico studies, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) were performed for compounds 105-126 and 131-135. The comprehensive intra molecular charge transfer has been perceived from the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). The smaller ionization potential (IP) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) values for compound 105, 106, 107, 108 and 109 revealed that these compounds would show proficient antioxidant behavior which is in good agreement with the antioxidant experimental data. Experimental and computational investigations concluded that compound 105 might be an effective antihyperglycemic agent because of its antioxidative nature and smallest ionization potential.