تلوک چند محرومؔ
مشہور استاد سخن تلوک چند مرحوم کی وفات ادبی دنیا کا افسوس ناک سانحہ ہے، وہ ہماری پرانی بزم ادب کی یادگار تھے، اردو شاعری کے اساتذہ میں ان کا نہایت ممتاز مقام تھا، فن شاعری پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور وسیع تھی، اور ان کا کلام جدت و قدامت کے صالح عناصر کا سنگم تھا، ان کو ہر صنف شاعری پر یکساں قدرت حاصل تھی، ان میں پرانی تہذیب کی بہت سی خوبیاں اور وضع داریاں جمع تھیں، ان کا دل دوسرے مذاہب اور اس کے بزرگوں کے لئے بھی وسیع تھا، بارگاہ نبویؐ میں بھی ہدیۂ عقیدت پیش کرتے تھے، قوم و ملک نے بھی ان کے کمالات کی پوری قدر دانی کی اور ان کو ہر طرح کے اعزاز و اکرام سے نوازا، ان کی پوری زندگی علم و ادب کی خدمت میں گزری، اپنے بعد متعدد ادبی یادگاریں چھوڑ گئے، ان کی مادی یادگار مشہور شاعر جگن ناتھ آزاد ہیں، جنھوں نے اپنے محترم والد کی بہت سی خوبیاں حصہ میں پائی ہیں۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۶۶ء)
This study elaborates the difference and connection between modernism and postmodernism eras while highlighting their backgrounds. The research highlights the teachings of Islam in terms of modernism and postmodernism. The research brings to light the influence of modernism and postmodernism on Muslim societies. What are the far reaching impacts of the modernism and postmodernism eras of Muslim societies and how well a common Muslim is equipped to address the issues related to postmodernism. The study primarily focuses on the related issues in Pakistani society and explains the role and the influence of religious scholars of their understanding of the terms modernism and postmodernism. The study focuses on the awareness of the ’Ulamā in addressing these global challenges and subsequently the future of Pakistani society. The study has an element of quantitative research and it indicates towards the on ground realities on the issue with the help of a latest survey on modernism and postmodernism.
ISO 14000 has opened the field for enhancing the awareness towards healthy environment and gives the ideology of regular assessment of threshold values not only of nutrients but contaminants as well. Under this statement microbiological studies in terms of mycobiota and bacterial count followed by intrinsic factors (physico-chemical characteristics) and level of essential heavy metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, and deleterious metals Cd and Pb were analyzed in fresh bovine milk samples, UHT processed milk in tetra packs, HTST treated milk in polyethene pouch (PM) and UHT processed milk analogues used as a tea whitener (TW) samples available in Districts of Karachi for the residents. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis (PCA), correlation matrix and Cluster analysis were performed to organize the data in such a way as to expose the internal structure of multivariate data matrix. Besides this, another analytical technique SEM-EDX was employed for assessment of elements in milk followed by various protocols. Fresh milk samples were collected in the morning time during winter season from areas within city limits (five districts) including outskirts of the city. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, salinity, TDS, DO and specific gravity were examined. Nearly 100% samples showed the values of pH and specific gravity within the reference limit however, majority of samples revealed the magnitude of conductivity below the range of reference. The mycobiota of milk was assessed using different media were employed for the fungal growth. The concentrations of metals considered were estimated after wet digestion of samples using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The ranges of average concentration of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were found to be 0.001-0.314 mg/l, 0.001-0.574 mg/l, 0.001- 3.260 mg/l, 0.001- 0.108 mg/l, 0.001-0.136 mg/l, 0.001-2.740 mg/l, and 1.682- 7.036 mg/l respectively. The level of Cd and Pb were estimated in the samples between 0.001- 0.053 mg/l and 0.001- 1.568 mg/l correspondingly. The order of levels of metals were found as Zn > Fe > Pb > Mn > Cr ≈ Cu > Co ≈ Ni > Cd. Approximately 44% samples found highly contaminated with Cd and the highest level observed in the sample gathered from District East. Most of the samples were found Pb contaminated as they exceeded the tolerable limits and the maximum concentration was recorded in the sample collected from District Central. There were nine genera of fungi Alterneria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fussarium, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Pythium and Rhizopus were isolated from fresh milk of overall five Districts of Karachi. The results also revealed that mycotoxogenic fungus Aspergillus sp. (A. candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. terreus), Mucor recemosus, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer were recorded in samples of all concern Districts while samples from District Malir were exposed as highly bacterial contaminated. Samples of homogenized, UHT and HTST processed milk (PMs) and tea whitener (TWs) packed in aluminum-laminated card board cartons or tetra pack and polyethene bags of various brands were purchased from local market. This assessment highlighted that TWs showed low values of conductivity, salinity and TDS in contrast to PMs. The ranges of average concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in brands of PMs were found as 0.001 - 0.196 mg/l, 0.001 - 0.274 mg/l, 0.269 – 7.116 mg/l, 0.003 - 0.096 mg/l, .1320 – 7.264 mg/l, 0.010 - 0.066 mg/l and 0.644 – 4.078 mg/l and in TWs as 0.001-0.228 mg/l, 0.002-0.122 mg/l, 1.314-2.352 mg/l, 0.010-0.024 mg/l, 0.650 – 6.398 mg/l, 0.046 - 0.054 mg/l and 0.266 – 0.616 mg/l in that order. The estimated levels of Cd in about 64 % PMs was found in the range of 0.025-0.042 mg/l, whereas only one brand of TWs showed concentration in detection limit. The concentration of Pb in PMs and TWs were found in the ranges 0.242-1.224 mg/l and 0.078-0.190 mg/l respectively. Both nonessential metals, Cd and Pb were estimated exceeding the tolerable ranges. The levels of these metals in PMs were compared with the available reference level while there was no permissible level available for TWs to make a comparable analysis with. The order of concentration of metals in PMs and TWs found as Ni > Fe > Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr > Cu > Co > Cd and Ni > Fe > Zn > Cr > Mn > Pb > Cu > Co > Cd respectively. The colony forming units (cfu ml-1) of fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Fusarium sp., Penicillium notatum and Neurospora sp. were recorded while, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were recovered as the most frequent fungal species in samples. The cfu ml-1 of bacteria was found in the range of 3x104 - 6x104. All results of fresh milk, Co was found higher than the lower limit of dietary Co intake, while PMs and TWs showed more than the upper dietary Co intake. Although, it is well recognized that Co and Co compounds can be carcinogenic if it available in ionic form. Increased levels of other trace metals also may cause a number of diseases and harmful effects. Application of Pb free fuel and paint, and evading industrial sludge contaminated feed may potentially result in better quality milk. Biologically important correlations were exhibited by Zn with various metals such as Fe and Pb in PMs and TWs while with Ni in fresh milk samples. The results also revealed that mycotoxogenic fungi cannot be easily avoidable from fresh or processed milk and Aspergillus sp. (A. flavus and A. niger) were recorded in most of the milk samples. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that by healthy constituents like iron fortification of bovine milk minimizes the injurious effects of many toxicants especially in children. This study highlighted towards the need for improvement in extrinsic factors and in the area of packaging material that permits the deleterious metals and fungal spores and their hazards impact on human health. In the light of results obtained from SEM-EDX, it is concluded that this technique is applicable on dehydrated sample and adequate for qualitative measurement of elements in the milk sample. In contrast, quantitative measurement through EDX was satisfactory for measurement in comparison to other quantitative techniques.