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Human Rights in Pakistan With Special Focus Bonded Labour

Thesis Info

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Author

Gill, Fatima

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sindh

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Political science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12981/1/Fatima_Gill_Political_Science_HSR_2017_UoS_Jamshoro.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724751506

Similar


This study explores the issue of human rights of bonded labor and women in Pakistan. Bonded labor and women are very weak segments of our policy focus and empirical research. The study provides new insights into the thematic exploration in a qualitative study. The data was accessed through interviews, witnesses and oral opinions from the respondents. Meetings, observations and informal methods of data collection were also used. This has focused to investigate how, when and where human rights of bonded/fortified workers have been violated. The study provides a theoretical perspective on the roots and history of human rights. Human Rights can be defined as the most inalienable rights of the people ensured by the constitution and safeguarded by the judiciary and criminal justice system. Human rights in Islam are derived from the Will of God. God has created humans equally and there is no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed and color. However, before Allah the righteous are highly valued. No political authority but Allah alone has sole power of governing the rights of global humanity. The Human Rights of laboring class is highly challenging theme especially in context of Pakistan. Pakistan belongs to kind of a country where millions of people are undergoing hard labor. There are substantial pockets of laboring in all provinces of Pakistan. The earliest theorists like Karl Marx and Mex Weber meticulously focused on laboring perspective, labor economy, capitalistic injustices and low wages of laboring population. Capitalists have created an unequal structure for the poorest classes enabling powerful class to control their fate. Social and economic structures thus created will never secure and protect the laboring population on any part of the globe. World would be never stable without balancing the inequitable resources. Slavery and labor victimization are continued all over the world in various forms and manifestations. Country like Pakistan is no exception to the bitter scenario. This study is conducted in provinces of Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan on the laboring in the context of their human rights status. Interviews, witness opinions, case-profiles and secondary information were utilized in the study. As research design the study included data collected from twenty one (21) districts along with information related to twenty six (26) districts of Baluchistan. The study focused the eleven (11) localities from Sindh province and seven (7) regions of Balouchistan. Further, the field study included its activity to talking to respondents (52 percent) of area of Sindh and twenty seven (27) belonging to Baluchistan. Women have been symbolized as commodity for male members in tribal structure. Women are considered Zar (wealth) which is possessed by men. There are terms like Zar (wealth), Zamin (land) and Zan (woman) which actually portray and reflect how we treat our women. Women face all sorts of sacrifices when revenges/enmities are settled. (Mehdi, 2000) It is very complex to investigate the issue of Bonded labor in Pakistan due to several constraints rooted in culture, society and political milieu. It is very difficult to know and address the slavery and servitude in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank has indicated a significant volume of destitution and slavery occurring in Sindh and Baluchistan. People are bonded by strongers and kept in captivation. Labor violations in Sindh are deep-rooted in land holdings and nature of distribution of lands. There is very high number of landless farmers in Sindh. Punjab has proprietorship on seven sections of land and Sindh has possession on twenty eight sections of land. International Labor Organization (ILO) depicts 1.8 million people who are involved in fortified work in Pakistan while majority of them are landless peasants found in Sindh. Today, Sindh has the most elevated rate of landlessness in Pakistan. More than 40 percent of the area in Sindh is tenanted out by enormous proprietors. There are about 1.2 million who are fortified in work along with their women and children. Sindh Tenancy Act has failed to protect the purview- fortified workers. The Bonded Labor Abolition Act has also failed to abolish Bonded Labor in Pakistan. Female babies born from age one to four are highly susceptible to death, disease and malnutrition. Women are highly victimized physically in South East Asia besides hindering them in development role. Women are denied access to human rights in rural areas in the study region and its purview. Children are engaged/forced/involved. Fate of women are settled by tribal jirga laws which have no statutory status in Pakistani laws but are popularly practiced in backward areas of Pakistan. Killing and other serious issues related to women are settled by family or tribal chief reviewed by tribesmen. Human societies still face grave issues of poor-child rearing, poor nutrition, forced labour, lack of sanitation and illiteracy. Girls face more severe social challenges in poor families and regions. The study concluded that seventy (70) percent rural women and eighty (80) percent urban women are thought inferior to men comparatively. Popularly; women are born for social bondage and marriage. Female babies born from age one to four are highly susceptible to death, disease and mal-nutrition. Women are highly victimized physically in South East Asia besides hindering them in development role. Women are denied access to human rights in rural areas in the study region and its purview. Children are engaged/forced/involved the activities in which children are employed are hazardous, including rag picking, leather tanning, coal mining, deep-sea fishing, brick making, carpet weaving, and manufacturing surgical instruments and glass bangles. Children working in the glass bangle sector are exposed to high temperatures, unstable material, fumes, and sharp objects. Children working in the tannery sector are exposed to toxic chemicals, and those working in the brick sector lift heavy loads. Children working in carpet-weaving suffer eye and lung diseases due to unsafe working conditions. Child miners, child domestics, and other working children who are far from their families are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse. ‣ Bonded child labor reportedly exists in the coal, brick, and carpet industries. Some children working in mining, domestic service, and agriculture are from families who are bonded or indebted to their employers. Commercial sexual exploitation of children continues to be a problem. Children are trafficked within Pakistan for the purposes of sexual exploitation and bonded labor. Girls are trafficked internationally for forced labor. ‣There are reports of children being kidnapped, maimed, and forced to work as beggars. There also reports of children under the minimum voluntary recruitment age of 17 years being involved in armed conflict. Children below age of 14 are employed in hard labour and industrial work. This is pure violation of their human rights. Children are exposed to all types of harzards in Pakistan. Bonded labour is gross violation of law leading to maximum five years of prison and fine. International Law on children also prohibits trafficking of children and amounts to criminal implications for the offender. Prostitution of all kinds is globally prohibited by world laws and penal codes of all respective countries. There are no generally acknowledged figures for the quantity of reinforced youngster workers in India. Once more, Government''s dedication to general instruction and destitution annihilation projects have brought about noteworthy diminishing in number of reinforced works. In the customary commercial ventures of astounding hand-woven fabrics and painstaking work, expanded mindfulness by universal purchasers and stringent weighs put set up by multinational companies on their suppliers has brought about suppliers and producers to supplant reinforced tyke work by rather offering instructive offices to offspring of their representatives and laborers. Global Tourists to places like Rajasthan additionally have influence and have at commonly reported occurrences of tyke work to powers who quickly act to check any youngster work. Conversely, of 20 million fortified workers in Pakistan 7.5 million are youngsters." xml:lang="en_US
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پلاٹ

پلاٹ

                ناول کا پلاٹ بہت خوبصورت انداز میں گتھا ہوا ترتیب دیا گیا ہے۔ناطق جس پس ماندگی کو عیاں کرنے میں کامیاب رہے ہیں۔اسے شروع میں اس طرح دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اصل میں ایک معمولی جڑ کیسے ایک مضبوط تناور درخت  بن جاتی ہیاور جب اس تناور درخت نے اپنی جڑیں اور شاخیں پھیلا دی ہوتی ہیں۔تو اسے ہٹانا کتنا مشکل عمل ہے۔لوطی حرکات سے شروع ہوتی یہ کہانی پھر سیکس انڈسٹری تک جا پہنچی  یہ معاشرتی پس ماندگی ایک مضبوط جڑ کی  طرح معاشرے کو کھوکھلا کر رہی ہے۔اس نے بہت اعلیٰ طریقے سے پردہ سرکایا ہے۔کہانی کا پلاٹ  بہت مضبوط ومنظم ہے مصنف کی گرفت کہانی کے پلاٹ کے علاوہ مکالمے اور جزئیات نگاری پر بھی آخر تک قائم رہی۔تلخ حقائق کو نمایا ں کرنے میں ناطق نے ایک دلیرانہ جسارت کرکے معاشرے کے سماجی مسائل کی عکاسی کی ہے۔عظیم الشان صدیقی لکھتے ہیں :

’’کہانی اگر قصہ کی بنیاد ہے تو پلاٹ اس کی ترئین وآرائش ہیں‘‘(2)

                مصنف نے اس غیر عادلانہ اور استحصال پذیر معاشرے میں اپنی کہانی کیذریعے غیر انسانی رویوں کو بے نقاب کیا ہے اور اس بے حس معاشرے کی بہتری کے لئے ایک مضبوط پلاٹ مرتب کیا ہے۔جس میں شروع سے آخر تک مسلسل ایک سحر بھی قاری پہ قائم رہتا ہے اور دوسرا معاشرے میں موجود غیر انسانی رویوں اور اخلاقی پس ماندگیوں کو سمجھنے کے قابل ہوجاتا ہے۔

کردار

                ناطق کے ناول’’کماری والا‘‘میں تمام کردار متحرک دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔ ’’ضامن‘‘کہانی کا مرکزی کردار ہے۔’’طلال‘‘نے جو کردار پیش کیا یقیناوہ بھی ایک بھاری ذمہ داری پوری کر رہا ہے جس کی وجہ سے باقی تمام کردار متحرک دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔شروع میں قاری کو...

Implementation of Character Education: Impacts on Students and School Components at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (Man) Insan Cendekia Gorontalo

This study aims to determine the implementation of special character education on the impact for students and school components at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Insan Cendekia Gorontalo. This research method is a qualitative field research. Data collection was carried out through preliminary or pre-observational studies, observations, and interviews. The characters developed in this madrasa include disciplined, religious, polite, responsible, hard work and cooperation. In other words, this character development is carried out in the madrasah program of activities both through learning, as well as extra ¬ curricular as well as religious and self-development activities. The impact of the results of the implementation of character education at MAN Insan Cendekia Gorontalo has a positive impact for all groups, especially for students and the school community. The impact of character education for school components. The implementation of character education at MAN Insan Cendekia Gorontalo is very beneficial for students, due to changes in attitudes that are even better and according to the expectations of parents, where their children live disciplined, productive, independent and able to practice religious teachings.

Genotyping of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Mrsa from Local Hospital of Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Pakistan

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a versatile and dangerous human’s pathogen and is a common cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections. S. aureus causes several types of infections such as bacteremia, folliculitis, sepsis, mastitis, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal pneumonia. S. aureus has developed resistance to the antibiotic ‘methicillin’ and continued spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains poses a significant risk to patients and contributes to a substantial financial burden on healthcare resources. HA-MRSA isolates usually belong to six lineages (CC1, CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30 and CC45) out of ten dominant clonal complexes (CCs) or lineages. Various methods have been employed to identify and characterize S. aureus strains. Phenotypic techniques have been replaced by more robust and accurate molecular techniques. The commonly used molecular techniques are Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multilocus variable number of Tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), Restriction modification tests (RM), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing. Present work focuses on genotyping of clinical MRSA isolates from three tertiary care hospital located in “Rawalpindi/Islamabad”, in order to examine the types and phylogenetic relationship of the isolates. In order to gain the understanding of the distribution of MRSA clones in Pakistan, where unregulated antibiotic use is widespread and distributions of MRSA is supposed to be high, an epidemiological relationships between 123 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated between 2006 and 2008 from three tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpinidi and Islamabad, were examined using MLVA scheme, combined with RM typing, PVL sceening, STAR element analysis, spa typing and MLST to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of the Pakistani MRSA isolates. Six loci (clfA, clfB, sdrC, sdrD, spa and sspa) were used in a multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). A total of 63 MTs/haplotypes were obtained by MLVA. Analysis of restriction modification (RM) genes detected, an RM3 type, associated with CC8, in most strains and an RM1 type, associated with CC30, in only two strains. On further typing of selected strains by Spa typing and MLST, it was found that the RM3/CC8 isolates were ST113-t064, ST113-t451 or ST239, with one of four spa types, whilst the RM1/CC30 isolates were ST30-t021. Analysis of STAR element of these strains for three loci showed their close resemblance; only the strains belonging to CC30 showed no STAR motif in gapR upstream region, confirming their genetic homology to other CC30 strains. Furthermore, the ST30 strains were also found positive for PVL gene. The present genotypic study showed that in Pakistan, the isolates belonging to clonal complex eight (CC8) are dominant in clinical settings. They belong to ST239, ST113 or ST8. The other clonal complex found was CC30 with presence of PVL gene and isolates belong to ST30. The use of MLVA in resource poor laboratories as a rapid and robust method for grouping noscomial MRSA isolates into clusters for identification of localized outbreaks is quite fruitful and MLVA may also provide an understanding of the evolutionary processes as changes in the number of repeats at different loci, may be indicative of which loci are prone to natural selection resulting in higher levels of variation, thus VNTRs serve as evolutionary clock for investigating an outbreaks and transmission events. In this study, we observed more variation in clfA and clfB than in sdrC, sdrD, spa and sspa. We also found that a change in repeat number was not necessarily gradual but may have occurred as a result of large jumps. Some isolates with significant differences in repeat numbers at single locus but being identical numbers in all other loci. Further evidence is provided by the spa typing results, i.e. with a loss of four repeats resulting in a shift from t987 to t030 and a two repeat difference changed t021 to t275. These large jumps might be due to deletions or insertions mediated by recombination or as result of deletions due to slip-strand impairing during DNA replication. Thus MRSA infections have become a challenge across the globe. The MRSA isolates which were once endemic to Europe and America, Africa has now been reported from Asia and thus suggesting that the MRSA isolates which once was endemic to a certain geographical area are no more confined to those boundaries. More over the pandemic spread of one type of MRSA clone across the globe is the result of antibiotic resistance. Therefore a joint global effort will be effective for the xvii control of MRSA infection. Although this study was carried out on limited number of isolated but it is quite useful to strengthen the MRSA data in Pakistan and to develop the genetic profile of MRSA in Pakistan and then to link it globally. This study also helped to under stand that, although there are only two lineages in these hospitals as in most of other Asian countries but there is a diversity at subspecies level as some of the isolates assumed a specific genetic profile as they evolved locally after they were imported to this region. The work presented in the thesis has been published in the following articles: 1- 2- Arfat Y1*, Johnson M2, Malik SA1, Morrissey J2 and Bayliss CD2 (2013). Epidemiology of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Pakistan. African Journal of Microbiology Research; Vol.7 (7): 568-576. H5 Index: 15. 2- Joanne Purvees1*, Mathew Blades2, Yasrab Arfat3, Salman A Malik1, Christopher D Bayliss1 and Julie Morrissey1 (2012). Variation in the genomic locations and sequence conservation of STAR elements among Staphylococcus aureus species provides insight into DNA repeat evolution. Genomics; 13: 515. Impact factor 4.07.