This research attempted to understand the process of ICT enabled organizational transformation from a socio technical perspective in order to fill the research gap particularly in the context of developing countries. To explore various aspects relevant to transformation process four exploratory case studies have been conducted rigorously in public and private sector organizations in Pakistan. The transformation strategy and approach adopted by the top management of respective organizations at the outset of transformation initiative along with different measures taken so far to manage transformation endeavor have been explored through formal interviews of executives and staff members involved in organizational transformation process. Data triangulation technique was preferred for knowing and validating the facts gathered for further analysis. The findings of this research reflect that the top management that preferred sociotechnical approach in order to implement transformation has successfully managed the transformation process as compared to the organization that just adopted technical approach and resultantly failed to achieve its transformation objectives. Furthermore, it was also found that the proactive strategy of the top management regarding people, process and technological aspects appeared to be very fruitful in minimizing sociotechnical issues and challenges appeared during transformation process. Top management support and engagement, adoption of participative approach, collaboration and effective communication among stakeholders and team members resulted in transformation process to be smooth and eventually successful. xv The participation of stakeholders (HR , IT and business process owners ) and encouragement of top management to involve stakeholders in decision making contributed a lot in anticipating the complexity of issues and problems related to people, process and technology. Consequently, it helped the management in addressing and proactively managing issues and problems. The socio-technical issues faced by the management were also explored and explained along with remedial measures taken so far. The major aspects such as people, process and technology were found as potential means regarding initiating, planning, implementing and sustaining organizational transformation. Furthermore, the enabling role of change management, knowledge management, business process management and IT governance led the ICT enabled organizational transformation to be smooth and successful. The means and enablers identified may play an effective and significant role in achieving objectives of transformation initiative leading to its success. Moreover, this research also elucidated that how potential enablers significantly contributed to manage the issues and challenges of organizational transformation, surely a challenging task. The understanding developed and lessons learned from this study led to propose a conceptual framework for successful implementation of ICT enabled transformation in the organizations. The findings are major contribution towards understanding complexity of organizational transformation process. Furthermore, it provides guidelines to the organizations interested to be transformed for their survival in the current competitive world.
عبدالحمیدعرفانی عبدالحمیدعرفانی (۱۹۰۷ئ۔۱۹۹۰ئ) سیالکوٹ کے ایک گائوں مغلاں والی میں پیدا ہوئے۔عرفانی نے چکوال ہائی سکول سے میٹرک کیا۔ سکول کے زمانے میں انھیں ایسے دوست ملے جو بعد میں پاکستان کی ممتاز شخصیات میں شمار ہوئے۔ ان میں ڈاکٹر غلام سرور،کرنل محمد خان،قاضی گل محمد،خواجہ عبدالعزیز اور نیاز محمد خان قابل ذکر ہیں۔ ۱۹۵۶ء میں انھوں نے پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے فارسی میں ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ فارسی زبان میں لکھا گیا ان کا مقالہ’’شرح احوال و آثار ملک الشعرا بہار‘‘ پنجاب یونیورسٹی کی تاریخ میں پہلا مقالہ تھا۔(۴۹۲) عرفانی ۱۹۴۵ء میں بھارت کے شہر دہلی میںمحکمہ تعلیم کی طرف سے ایرانیوں کوا نگریزی پڑھانے پر مامور ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۹ء میں وہ ایران میں پاکستان کی طرف سے پہلے کلچرل اینڈ پریس اتاشی مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۴ء میں حکومتِ پاکستان کے فارن پبلسٹی کے شعبہ میں ڈائریکٹر مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۸ء میں وہ آر سی ڈی کے نمائندے کی حیثیت سے ایران میں مقیم ہوئے۔ (۴۹۳) ۱۹۵۵ء میں حکومتِ ایران کی طرف سے ’’نشان سپاس‘‘،اور’’نشانِ ورزش‘‘ عطاہوئے۔۱۹۶۲ ء میں ایران نے ان کی شاعرانہ عظمت کے اعتراف میں ’’نشان رستا خیز ملی ‘‘سے نوازا۔ ۱۹۶۶ء میں حکومت پاکستان نے انھیں ’’ستارہ امیتاز ‘‘ عطا کیا۔(۴۹۴) خواجہ عبدالحمید عرفانی چار اردو ،بارہ فارسی اور ایک انگریزی کتاب کے مصنف ہیں۔ خواجہ عرفانی کے ’’کلیاتِ عرفانی‘‘ میں اردو فارسی شاعری کو یکجا کر دیا گیا ہے۔ حصہ اردو میں غزلیات، مانولاگ کے تراجم اور قومی نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ عرفانی نے چھٹی ساتویں جماعت میں ہی اردو اور فارسی میں شعر کہنے شروع کر دئیے۔ ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق شاعری میں ان کی اصلاح کرتے تھے۔ وہ انھیں سکول کا سب سے اچھا شاعر سمجھتے تھے۔(۴۹۵) سکول کے زمانے میں عرفانی مولانا حالی اور مرزا غالب سے بہت متاثر تھے۔ عرفانی کی قومی موضوعات پر لکھی گئی نظموں میں حالی کا رنگ...
Pada masa pandemi Covid 19 telah banyak terjadi perubahan terkait lingkungan dan sistem pembelajaran pada mahasiswa, sehingga mempengaruhi motivasi belajar mereka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan belajar dan sistem pembelajaran daring menggunakan google meet terhadap motivasi belajar mahasiswa pada masa pandemi Covid 19. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey dengan menguji hipotesa dan menggunakan data kuantitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah lingkungan belajar dan sistem pembelajaran daring menggunakan google meet berpegaruh positif terhadap motivasi belajar mahasiswa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan lingkungan dan sistem pembelajaran pada masa pandemi Covid 19 membuat mahasiswa menjadi mandiri dan memiliki pemikiran yang kritis.
This study discusses the application of ozone to bleach raw cotton fabric using both laboratory scale set up and pilot plant. The quality of ozone bleached fabric was determined in terms of CIE whiteness, absorbency, degree of polymerisation (DP), copper number (CN) and tendering factor (TF) with regard to the conventionally bleached fabric (reference material). The application of ozonation process was also extended for color stripping of dyed cotton fabric at laboratory scale. The efficiency of ozone stripping process was measured in terms of lightness (L*), lightness difference (∆L*) and total color difference (∆E*) with respect to reference (conventionally stripped fabric samples). In case of laboratory scale application of ozone bleaching process, the maximum CIE whiteness (60-62) and best quality of bleached fabric was obtained at an ozone dose of 6 g/h, pH 5 and exposure time of 45 min. Strong acidic environment (pH 2-3) and exposure time longer than 45 min though marginally improved the degree of whiteness but deteriorated the quality of the fabric as indicated by higher copper number (0.19) and TF (0.94). Statistical analysis of experimental data confirmed that process parameters (ozone dose, pH and treatment time) significantly affected the efficiency of ozone bleaching process and pH had the greatest effect on whiteness and DP of bleached fabric followed in turn by ozone dose and treatment time. The dyeing quality of ozone bleached fabric in terms of colour difference (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* and ∆E*) and wash fastness properties was almost similar to the reference. The ozone bleaching waterbath was also reused several times to bleach multiple lots of raw cotton fabric and results demonstrated that CIE whiteness (60) remained stable even at 20 th reuse of same waterbath. This approach reduced the pollution load of effluent and saved water and chemicals. Since the efficiency of ozone bleaching process at pilot scale was not in parallel with its laboratory scale performance, various additives were used to enhance process efficiency. The best results in terms of whiteness (63.79), absorbency (10 sec) and strength of bleached fabric were achieved with an addition of 2 g/l of surfactant at optimal process conditions (ozone dose of 50 g/h, pH 5 and ozone treatment time of 45 min). However, other additives (peracetic acid and H2O2) did not show promising results. Dyed ozone bleached fabric samples were a bit lighter (ΔL* > 0.4) than reference. The values of ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* showed minor color difference between ozone bleached fabric and reference. However, total color difference values (ΔE* = 0.13 – 1.06) were within acceptable limit (ΔE*<1). Wash fastness properties of ozone bleached fabric were identical to the reference. The whiteness of ozone bleached fabric, however, did not stand firm with increasing storage time due to the presence of aldehyde groups and ozone residues. Among various treatments performed (hot washing at 50 ◦C, rinsing at 80 ◦C, reductive treatment) to avoid the decrease in degree of whiteness of ozone bleached fabric, washing with sodium borohydride was proved as one of the best treatments for color stability. Ozone color stripping efficiency was a function of pH, ozone dose and treatment time and maximum color stripping was achieved at an ozone dose of 10 g/h, pH 5 and treatment time of 45 min. The stripping efficiency decreased as the % owf of dyed fabric increased from 2% to 4% which implied that deceolorization of dyed fabric with higher initial dye concentration required higher ozone dose and/or longer exposure time. The color stripping efficiency of ozone for fabric samples dyed at different shades was almost similar to the reference (conventional stripping method). The ozone bleaching process was proved to be environmentally friendly because it decreases water consumption (no rinsing and neutralizing treatment), it is less energy intensive (applicable at ambient temperature), and reduces effluent load (involves no chemicals).