ڈاکٹر سید محمد فاروق بخاری
مئی کے آخر یا جون کے شروع میں جناب شوکت حسین کینگ مدیر ماہنامہ الاعتقاد سری نگر کے ایک مکتوب سے یہ معلوم کر کے بڑا دُکھ اور سخت افسوس ہوا کہ ریاست کشمیر کے مشہور صاحبِ علم و قلم پروفیسر ڈاکٹر سید محمد فاروق بخاری طویل علالت کے بعد ۱۹؍ ذی الحجہ ۱۴۱۷ھ؍ ۲۷؍ اپریل ۱۹۹۷ء کو رحلت فرماگئے، یہ اطلاع خود ہی تاخیر سے ملی تھی اور باوجود کوشش کے جون کے معارف میں ان پر نوٹ شایع کرنے کی گنجائش نہیں نکلی۔
بخاری صاحب کی عمر ابھی زیادہ نہ تھی اور ان سے بڑی توقعات وابستہ تھیں مگر موت کا وقت معین ہے، اس میں تقدیم و تاخیر نہیں ہوتی، فاروق صاحب ۲۷؍ جون ۱۹۴۹ء کو پیدا ہوئے تھے، ان کا خاندان علمی، دینی اور روحانی فضیلت کا حامل تھا، ان کے والد بزرگوار مولانا سید محمد قاسم بخاری کو جو ابھی خدا کے فضل سے بقید حیات ہیں مولانا مفتی کفایت اﷲ دہلوی سے شرف تلمذ حاصل تھا۔ موصوف انجمن تبلیغ الاسلام جموں و کشمیر کے صدر اور حنفی عربی کالج سری نگر کے بانی مہتمم ہیں، کشمیر کے اس بخاری خانوادے کانسبی سلسلہ حضرت شیخ عبدالقادر جیلانی سے ملتا ہے مولانا سید عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری بھی اسی خاندان کے چشم و چراغ تھے۔
ڈاکٹر مولوی فاروق بخاری کی تعلیم کی ابتدا کشمیر میں ہوئی اور کشمیر یونیورسٹی ہی سے انہوں نے مولوی فاضل کیا، لیکن عربی میں ایم۔اے اور پی۔ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے حاصل کی۔ موصوف کا خاص مشغلہ درس و تدریس تھا اور اب وہ امر سنگھ کالج سری نگر میں شعبۂ عربی کے ہیڈ آف ڈپارٹمنٹ تھے۔ لیکن تصنیف و تالیف کا بھی ان کو اچھا ملکہ تھا۔ کشمیر کی علمی، ادبی، ثقافتی اور مذہبی تاریخ ان کا خاص موضوع...
It is very clear that Ahmad shoqi was titled as king of modern Arabic poetry due to his unforgettable literary deeds towards it. Apart it all, his good struggle toward Arabic prose were ignored in his life, because of the prose was not his field to be tried in and it has its own experts. Some of these experts collected his prose and compiled it in a huge encyclopedia of his literary works named “al mosoa al shoqia” (الشوقية الموسوعة). This article also discussed his literary prosaic struggles, his methodology which he acquired and the deficiencies which were pointed out by critics. Adding more, the feature of the prose are also drawn in.
Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], an significant legume of Pakistan, is affected a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the serious biotic factors affecting its yield badly. This pathogen infects plants at almost all growth stages. This pathogen is difficult to control by ordinary cultural practices. Moreover, chemical control of M. phaseolina is also difficult and generally not advisable. Furthermore, use of chemical fungicides also cause environmental pollution. The present study was undertaken to evaluate potential of selected Asteraceous weed species namely Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, Sonchus oleraceous L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Launea nudicaulis (L.) Hook, for management of charcoal rot of black gram. Antifungal screening bioassays of selected Asteraceous weeds were performed with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g 100 mL-1) of methanolic extracts of leaves, stems, roots and inflorescence of each selected weed species. Methanolic extracts of all the five weeds exhibited antifungal activity against the pathogen. However, the antifungal activity varied with the weed specie, plant part assayed and concentration of the methanolic extract. Extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were found highly effective against M. phaseolina. Leaf, stem root and inflorescence extracts of S. oleraceous caused 7-73%, 54-84%, 51-87% and 49-82% inhibition in fungal biomass, respectively. Similarly, A. conyzoides stem extract exhibited maximum reduction in fungal biomass i.e. 20-83% while its leaf, root and inflorescence extracts suppressed fiungal biomass by 16-67%, 6-31% and 4-21%, respectively. Methanolic leaf extracts of E. alba, C. arvense and L. nudicaulis exhibited pronounced antifungal activity caused 10-64%, 10-74% and 20-75% reduction in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. In screening biomassays, methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and Ageratum conyzoides showed the best antifungal activities against the test fungus, therefore, their different organic solvent fractions viz. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were further tested for antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Chloroform fraction of S. oleraceous showed the highest antifungal activity followed n-hexane fraction causing 60-90% and 15-68% suppression in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. Similarly, chloroform fraction of A. conyzoides showed the highest inhibition in fungal biomass (56-93%). On the basis of their best antifungal potential, chloroform fractions of methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were selected for identification of antifungal constituents through GC-MS analysis. In S. oleraceous stem chloroform fraction, a total of 16 compounds were identified. The five major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (13.263%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (13.12%); 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E) - (12.946%) and 1- docosonal (8.616%). Similarly, 10 compounds were identified in chloroform fraction of stem extract of A. conyzoides 2H-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl (27.58%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.85%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (15.28%); 9, 12-octadecanoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (13.67%) and 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (10.88%) as the most abundant ones. Dry biomass of the two highly antifungal weeds in laboratory bioassays viz. S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were was used as soil amendment for management of charcoal rot of black gram in pot experiments. Different doses of the two weeds viz. 0.5, 1.0, …3.0% were mixed in M. phaseolina inoculated pot soil before sowing of black gram seed. Soil amendment with 2.0% dry biomass of each weed species resulted in 100% control of the disease. In general, the highest crop growth and yield under M. phaseolina stress was recorded in 2.5% soil amendment with dry biomass of either of the weed species. There was 4293% and 7400% increased grain yield was recorded due to 2.5% amendment of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous dry biomass, respectively, over positive control. The highest peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase activities were recorded in M. phaseolina alone inoculated plants which were gradually decreased by increasing dose of dry biomass as amendment. . The present study concludes that methanolic extracts of selected weed species A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous possess antifungal potential against M. phaseolina. Chemical compounds particularly fatty acid methyl esters present in these weeds are responsible for their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Charcoal rot disease in black gram can effectively be managed by incorporating dry biomass of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous at the rate of 2.5% (w/w) followed by pronounced increase in crop growth and yield.