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Impact of Adb Assisted Teacher Training Project on the Quality of Teacher Education in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Khatoon, Anisa

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2008

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/415

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724756974

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Teacher and teacher education has an important role in any education system, both developed and developing countries. No doubt, the welfare, prosperity and security of a nation depend upon the quality of its education. In the present era the nations are competing in the field of knowledge only. The quality and level of excellence in education depend upon the quality and competence of teachers. If the teachers are knowledgeable, competent and committed, they can deliver well. A successful teacher is emotionally matured, user of different teaching techniques, facilitator for the students and an instrument of character building. In 1990, the Asian Development Bank approved a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance to prepare a detailed proposal for a Teacher Training project in Pakistan. It aimed at upgrading the quality of teacher training, increasing the number of trained female teachers in the rural areas, strengthening the relevance of training curriculum, methodology and materials, and promoting efficiency and effectiveness in policy making, management and resource generation of the teacher education sub sector. This study was aimed to investigate the Impact of Teacher Training Project on the Quality of Teacher Education in Pakistan. The main objectives of the study were: 1) To assess the extent to which Teacher Training Project (TTP) objectives have been achieved, 2) To examine the impact of capacity expansion on the quantitative improvement of teacher education, 3) To investigate the impact of Teacher Training Project (TTP) on the qualitative improvement of human resource development in teacher education through In-Country Fellowship Programme, 4) To explore the outcomes of up gradation of management techniques under the Teacher Training Project, 5) To find out the effectiveness of Training Out-posts xvii(TOs) and their input in the improvement of training of teachers, and 6) To suggest measures for the improvement of Teacher Education in Pakistan. The population of the study consisted of all the heads of Provincial Institute of Teacher Education, Govt. Colleges of Education and, the Govt. Colleges of Elementary Education, all teacher educators of Govt. Colleges of Education and, the Govt. Colleges of Elementary Education, all the heads/ masters trainers and trainee teachers of Training Outposts,(4 PITEs, 16 GCEs, 90 GCETs and 66 TOs),all the experts/ consultants and officers of Teacher Training Project (TTP) and all the officers of the Technical Panel on Teacher Education (TPTE). A stratified random sampling technique was used for this study. The sample of the study was: a) 34 heads of PITEs, GCEs and GCETs, b) 145 teacher educators (ICF Training receivers), c) 150 teacher educators (ICF non-training receivers), d) 30 educational managers (Training receivers through Overseas Fellowship), e) 20 heads/ master trainers of Training Outposts (TOs), f) 100 trainee teachers (Training receivers through TOs) = 100 (from one TO i.e Ckakwal), g) 30 experts/consultants and officers of Teacher Training Project and TPTE. After reviewing the related literature and all the official documents of Teacher Training Project, the research instruments for heads, teacher educators (ICF training receivers and non-training receivers), educational managers (Overseas Fellowship), heads/master trainers and trainee teachers of TOs were designed and used for data collection. Interview Schedule for the experts/consultants and officers of TTP and TPTE was also developed. xviiiThe instruments were developed keeping in view the various aspects of teacher education like office equipment, electronic media, furniture, teacher training, curriculum, management, competency/attitude of teachers, teaching methods and instructional material. Data were collected through personal visits, with the help of research assistant and by mail from the different institutions. Data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted keeping in view the objectives of the study. For this purpose, Percentages, Mean, Chi Square and t Test were used. The conclusions of the study were: a) Office equipment and furniture were sufficiently provided and maximum utilized, b) Electronic media was insufficiently provided, but it played a vital role in strengthening the teacher training in all the four provinces, c) Construction of four PITEs, one/ two rooms in GCEs, GCETs and TOs, enhanced the enrolment and facilitated the prospective teachers. The teacher educators – training receivers were practicing project method and simulation method more than the non-training receivers and were consulting reference books / latest books. Teacher educators’ non-training receivers were adopting question answer and lecture method during their teaching and were following the textbooks for teaching. The teacher educators who had received training, had more skills to use A.V. aids and modern technology during teaching as compared to the non training receivers. Set induction, classroom management and personal skills were developed in the trainee teachers of TOs. The objectives and the scheme of studies for Diploma in Education were well formulated. Textbooks for Diploma in Education were poorly developed and the contents were to some extent relevant and adequate. Diploma in Education was not a xixsuccessful programme. Educational managers/teachers were well trained through Overseas Fellowship training but after training they did not monitor the broad aims/ goals and teaching learning process in their institutions. The courses such as home food processing, family planning, environment and adult literacy were not taught during the training in Training Outposts. The Provincial Institute of Teacher Education and Training Outposts were not functioning according to the objectives formulated in Teacher Training Project and after completion of project Training Outposts were closed. The coordination was weak among the Federal Coordination Unit, Provincial Implementation Units and Technical Panel on Teacher Education. Professional attitude was developed in teacher educators and management techniques were improved through In- Country/Overseas Fellowship. The recommendations of the study were: Electronic media may be provided in sufficient quantity and short term training courses may be arranged for imparting training to faculty in utilizing office equipment and electronic media. More rooms may be constructed in existing GCEs and GCETs to facilitate the prospective teachers. The teacher educators – training receivers and non training receivers may adopt project method, micro teaching and simulation method during teaching. The non-training receivers may be trained to use the modern techniques like multi media, overhead projector etc. The Overseas Fellowship trainees may monitor all the tasks and activities of their institutions. They may also provide the rigorous managerial training to other managers. FCU, PIUs and TPTE may be revamped and strong coordination through electronic media may be established among them for an objective output. PITEs and TOs may be reactivated and in-service and pre-service training may be offered to teachers at all levels.
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چاک دامان لیے، چاک گریبان لیے

چاک دامان لیے، چاک گریبان لیے
محفلِ قیس میں پہنچے ہیں یہ سامان لیے

آئے تھے دنیا میں ارمانوں کو پورا کرنے
جائیں گے یاں سے مگر لاکھوں ہی ارمان لیے

لوگ کہتے ہیں جو دیوانہ ہمیں، کہنے دو!
ہم بھی نازاں ہیں کہ زندہ ہیں یہ پہچان لیے

جب کسی سے بھی مرے درد کا درماں نہ ہوا
آ گئی موت مرے درد کا درمان لیے

موسمِ گل ہو خزاں ہو، کہ بہاریں تائبؔ
اپنی تو ذات میں ہم پھرتے ہیں زندان لیے

PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PADA MASA RASULLAH SAW. (PERIODE MEKAH DAN MADINAH)

Islamic education today cannot be separated from Islamic education in Islamic classical era. The Prophet Muhammad has served as a central figure of Islamic education from Islamic classical era to modern Era. The implementation of Islamic education in the time of the Prophet Muhammad can be categorized into Meccan period and Medina Period. In Meccan period, the prophet  put emphasis on tawhid, who used to adhare to politism, to adhare to monotism, that is to believe in Allah the only God. The strategy of education employed by the prophet was secret in nature. Initially, he conducated Islamic education amongst the members of his family and his companions then  to more extended cummunity. In Mecca, the Prophet made the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi Al-Arqam, as the centre of  Islamic education.  In Medinan period, the prophet conducted more complex  Islamic  education  than that  he did in Mecca. Islamic education conducted to covered  (a) Islamic brotherhood; (b) social walfare education;   and (c) nation defence education. In this period, it was mosque that served as the centre of Islamic education.

Alleviation of Aflatoxin-Bi Toxicity by Using Mycotoxin Adsorbents and Their Effect on Growth and Immune Response in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus

Clays have been used for centuries as ‘ancient medicine’ for their therapeutic benefits. One specific clay, calcium montmorillonite, has historically been used as an anti-caking agent in animal feeds, but has also verified the ability to bind toxins and alleviate infectious diarrhea. Food borne toxin exposure, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a serious problem facing by the aquaculture particularly with its intensification. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explore novel therapeutic applications for 4TX, calcium montmorillonite clay to reduce the risk of AFB1 toxicity in farm-raised Nile tilapia through growth enhancement and better meat quality. For this purpose three trials were conducted. Trial I was regarding the “alleviation of AFB1 toxicity by 4TX bentonite clay supplementation and its effect on health performance and immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)”. Two levels of 4TX clay (0.5 and 1%) were assessed against 2 and 4 mg/kg AFB1 contaminated diets along with control group. The efficacy of 4TX clay was also compared in terms of its inclusion types (Water dispersal WD and powder mix PM). The results indicated there was a significant difference (P<0.05) observed in % weight gain and feed efficiency in all treatments. Control group showed maximum % weight gain (975.5±29.2) and feed efficiency (0.737±0.009) while treatment 4mg AFB1 + 0.5% 4TX WD showed minimum % weight gain (661.5±63.5) and feed efficiency (0.583±0.013). Regardless the inclusion of 4TX clay in the diets, the AFB1 has overall negative impact on the fish health performance. Maximum weight gain was observed in 0 mg AFB1 group (838.23 ± 28.87) and minimum in 4 mg AFB1 inclusion group (693.92±34.63). 1 % 4TX PM group showed higher growth (774.89±38.79) over 1% 4TX WD group (752.58±38.63). AFB1 also negatively affected the hepato-somatic index (HSI). 2 mg AFB1 treated diets showed a reduction (1.38 ± 0.03) in (HSI) as compared to 0 mg AFB1 (2.28 ± 0.11) supplemented diets. 0 mg AFB1 treated groups showed better protein energy efficiency (33.10±0.81) as compared to the 4mg AFB1 treated diets (29.41±0.74). Immunological response of tilapia showed a significant difference (p<0.05) towards the toxicity of AFB1 among all the treatments of all the three parameters tested. The maximum value of plasma lysozyme was observed in 4mg AFB1+0.5% 4TX WD group (224.65±10.96A) and minimum in 2mg AFB1+0.5% 4TX WD group (119.29±10.22). The results of NBT assay also showed a significant difference (p<0.05) among all the treatments. The maximum value was observed in 4mg AFB1+1% xv 4TX PM group (3.60±0.10) and minimum in 2mg AFB1+1% 4TX PM group (2.72± 0.07). Extracellular super oxide anion production in head and kidney macrophages of tilapia were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in control group (1.72±0.07) as compared to AFB1 treated fish with minimal in 4mg AFB1+0.5% 4TX WD group (0.57±0.10). AFB1 residues (ppb) in muscles was observed maximum in 4mg AFB1+0.5% 4TX WD group (1.87±1.32) and minimum in 4mg AFB1+1% 4TX PM group (0.43±0.03) showing the protective effect of 4TX clay, particularly in PM form against the toxic effects of AFB1. Histological analysis showed that fish fed AFB1 had greater liver pathological damage than those without AFB1. In trial ІІ effects of 4TX clay supplements on the nutrient digestibility of tilapia were evaluated. Results showed non-significant difference in apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD), apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD) and apparent crude lipid digestibility (ACLD) (P > 0.05). Apparent digestibility of essential amino acids was also found statistically non-significant except in the case of Methionine where 0.5% 4TX group showed maximum digestibility (97.63 ± 0.59) as compared to 1% 4TX group (83.30±8.17). Overall, 0.5% 4TX level showed higher nutrient digestibility of tilapia as compared to 1% and control group. The results of trial ІІІ showed almost the same trends in growth patterns as observed in trial І. AFB1 treated diets showed minimum % weight gain (222.3±57.86), feed efficiency (0.170±0.05) and % survival (66.67±3.82) as compared to control group (421.9±29.83), (0.320±0.01) and (87.50±2.50), respectively. Without the addition of AFB1 in the diets, 0.5% 4TX level showed better growth performance (328.6±24.65) over 1% 4TX (271.2±29.39). The results of proximate composition of whole body revealed that % moisture, ash and protein differ non-significantly in all the treatment while there observed a significant difference in % lipid in all the four treatments with minimum in AFB1 treated group (4.617±0.27) and maximum in control (5.927±0.39). These results could positively impact both human and animal populations with AFB1 exposure and decreasing the incidence of aflatoxicosis in farm-raised fish would ultimately prevent economic loss for the industry.