The study attempted to find out the impact of capacity building of teachers of Government Primary schools on classroom teaching. The objectives of the study were to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the capacity building initiatives for professional development of teachers of Govt: Boys` Primary Schools in district Swat and to make recommendations for improving the current efforts for capacity building of primary school teachers. Capacity is developed when individuals are motivated to use knowledge, skills and resources in order to enhanced organizational objectives, The population of the study included 841 Headmasters of Government Boys` Primary Schools, 3034 senior teachers and 50535 students. Of those 252 (30%) Headmasters, 910 (30%) Senior Teachers and 15160 (30%) students were randomly selected for sampling reason being that total population of teachers could not be covered. An opinionnaire containing eleven statements was handed over to Head Masters, a questionnaire containing eleven questions were handed over to the teachers who had received training and a checklist for classroom observation of 5th class students of 101 primary schools in district Swat. The relevant literature was reviewed, which provided indicators for development of tools. The data obtained were quantified and described. In order to measure the internal reliability of the opionionnaire, Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Test was applied for estimating the reliability of the data. The value of Cronbach Alpha was 0.89, which indicated a high level of internal reliability. The Chi-Square Test of Association was also applied for checking the results to show association between the responses of Head Masters and Teachers. It showed that there were no significant differences in the responses of both Head Masters and Teachers. The results revealed that Head Masters could play more effective role for school effectiveness by developing clear vision; providing instructional feedback to teachers; effective monitoring and supervisory mechanism; setting a democratic environment conducive to teaching learning process and involving the stakeholders in decision-making. The results of the study further indicated that school effectiveness owed itself to capable Head Masters, committed staff, non-political intervention, a procedure of incentives and disincentives, positive feedback to teachers and last, but not the least, a continuous instructional supervision to what happened in classroom. The recommendations for improving classroom teaching required continuous on-the-job training, commitment of teachers to the teaching profession and improved pedagogical skills of teachers as well as updating classroom management.
شیخ عبدالعزیز شادیش افسوس ہے کہ اس مہینہ شیخ عبدالعزیز شادیش نے مصر میں وفات پائی، یہ مفتی محمد عبدہ کے شاگردوں میں تھے اور طبعاً نہایت پرجوش تھے، نوجوان ترکوں کی انجمن اتحاد و ترقی کے زمانہ میں یہ اس کے سرگرم حامی تھے، بلکہ یہ کہنا چاہئے کہ یہ اس کی مذہبی روح تھے، انور پاشا مرحوم کے دست و بازو تھے، بلقان کے بعد انہوں نے قسطنطنیہ سے ’’الہدایہ‘‘ نام کا ایک علمی، مذہبی، اصلاحی رسالہ عربی میں نکالا تھا، جنگ عظیم میں یہ اتحادیوں کے خلاف عرب میں جہاد کے واعظ اور مبلغ تھے، ترکی کے موجودہ انقلاب میں بھی شریک ہوئے اور چاہتے تھے کہ اس انقلاب کے ہاتھ سے معتدل مذہبی اصلاحات اور اتحاد اسلامی کا سررشتہ نہ چھوٹے، اس لئے انگورہ میں دنیائے اسلام کی ایک علمی و ادبی انجمن بنائی، جس کے کتب خانہ میں تمام اسلامی زبانوں کی کتابیں جمع کی جائیں تاکہ ایک نظر میں تمام اسلامی دنیا کی مختلف دماغی سطح معلوم ہوجائے اور اتحاد اسلامی کی مجسم شکل سامنے آجائے، مگر مصطفی کمال پاشا کی سرعت رفتار کا وہ ساتھ نہ دے سکے، ناچار مصطفی کمال نے جب خلافت کی قبا اتار پھینکی اور اپنے کو جیسے وہ تھے سب کے سامنے ظاہر کردیا، تو شیخ نے انگورہ چھوڑ کر مصر میں قدم رکھا اور سیاسیات سے یکسر تائب ہوکر اپنے استاد کے نقشِ قدم پر چلے، یعنی مصر کے تعلیمی محکمہ میں وہ ابتدائی تعلیم کے انسپکٹر مقرر ہوگئے۔ اس خدمت کے ساتھ ساتھ انہوں نے چند ہی سال کے اندر مصری طلبہ کو خطرناک قومیت کے جذبات سے بچانے کا کام اصلاحی حیثیت سے شروع کردیا، پہلے ان کے لئے مکارم الاخلاق کے نام سے ایک انجمن قائم کی، جس نے اپنے چند ہی اجلاسوں میں طلبہ کو مغربی اخلاق و تمدن...
This study is descriptive in nature and main focus of this paper is to consult Qur’ān and Ahdiths for understanding the concept of morality. Verses from the Holy Qur’ān and sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him) are consulted to portray a paramount role of parents and teachers that is played as family and public institutions respectively. Moral values like, good manners, respect, loyalty, truth, altruism, reliability, fairness, cooperation, collaboration, honesty, companionship, decency, acceptance, compliance, love, patience and forgiveness are also studied in the light of Qur’ān and Ahdiths. As an end product, inculcation of moral values in youth by their parents and teachers is also delineated.
Bemisia tabaci has been well documented as one of the most economically important emergent plant virus vectors, through serious feeding damage to its broad range of plant hosts to important agricultural crops. Among the crops cotton is an important cash crop of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer country in the world. It holds importance to run the huge textile industry in Pakistan. Production of good quality cotton is affected by Cotton Leaf Curl disease in cotton producing areas of Pakistan, B. tabaci is an efficient vector of CLCuV, its ability to transmit disease varies with its genetic composition that may be determined by geography and climatic conditions of that location. There is an urgent need to unfold the secrets behind its diversity, but efforts to explore the genetic status of this insect were insufficient and inconsistent and multiple approaches are available to identify the species/biotype status of B. tabaci further add confusion to the situation. To evaluate the biotype of B. tabaci specific to this region was important. The purpose of this study was to provide information about the biotype and secondary endosymbiont distribution for B. tabaci populations in the Punjab. There are two parts of this study, the first part deals with the exploration of biotypes, the genetic and haplotype diversity among the COI sequences of B. tabaci of Punjab. The second part deals with the identification of 16S rDNA sequences of endosymbionts of B. tabaci, and its phylogenetic analysis. The geographical localization and variation in endosymbiont populations across the region were identified using a sequence-driven analysis of the population genetics of the secondary endosymbiont. Live field specimens were collected from 39 different locations among 16 districts of Punjab and preserved in Absolute ethanol for genetic studies. Previously established procedures were used to extract and purify total insect DNA from 3 individual whiteflies for each location. PCR was run with two sets of primers designed on two loci for the highly conserved whitefly Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for biotyping. The Bayesian phylogeny of COI sequences revealed the B. tabaci populations of Punjab belongs to Asia I genetic group. Out of all the 7 genetic clades of B. tabaci, it was observed that sequences of COI of this study grouped with the sequences from the neighbouring countries like China, India and Nepal in Asia I clade. Specimens were subjected to PCR amplification using the general 16S rDNA primers for the Portiera, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Cardinium and Wolbachia to amplify endosymbiont DNA. The ML trees of endosymbionts of B. tabaci showed that the endosymbionts strains detected in this study grouped with the previously reported endosymbionts and these endosymbionts found to be the other strains of known endosymbionts of B. tabaci from other parts of the world. Samples were sequenced using the Sanger method and the data analyzed to correlate the presence, prevalence and geographical distribution of endosymbionts in B. tabaci. Phylogenies were constructed to track evolutionary differences amongst the endosymbionts and insects and how they have influenced the evolution of the regional populations. Samples were characterized by differences in the genomes and endosymbionts distribution among the population of B. tabaci from Punjab.