جیل سے خط
شاہی قلعہ سے جیل منتقلی کے بعد اگر کسی سیاسی قیدی کو خط لکھنے کی ضرورت پڑتی تو وہ ضرورت سپرنٹنڈنٹ جیل کے ہفتہ وار دورے کے دوران اجازت طلب کرتا ہے سپرنٹنڈنٹ صرف اپنے قریبی عزیز کو خط لکھنے کی اجازت دیتا ۔دورے کے فوراً بعد جیل کا منشی جو عموماً جیل کے پرانے قیدی ہوتے ہیں بھیجا جا تا وہ خط لکھتا ۔اس کے بعد وہ جیل کا کوئی افسر سینسر کرنے کے بعد سپرد ڈاک کر تا ہمیں خط لکھنا تو درکنار کاغذ پنسل رکھنے کی اجازت نہ تھی پھر بھی ہم بال پین کی ریفل چھپا کر رکھتے تھے اور سگریٹ کی پنیوں کو لیٹر پیڈ کے طور پر استعما ل کرتے اور جو ملاقاتی آتے چھپا کر لے جاتے 1985ء جو نیجو حکومت بننے کے بعد لکھنے پڑھنے کی مکمل آزادی مل گئی اس طرح عزیزوں دوستوں کو خط لکھنے لگے ۔پاکستان کی دوسری جیلوں میں مقید سیاسی قیدیوں سے رابطہ آسان ہو گیا ۔حتی کہ میری آسٹریا،ویا نا میں قید اپنے جیالوں یعقوب چینا اور اور مرزا اختر بیگ سے خط و کتابت ہونے لگی ۔خاص خط پھر بھی باہر کسی دوست کے پتے پر منگوائے جاتے جبکہ عام خط جیل کے پتے پر ہی منگوائے جاتے مگر جیل حکام خط کھول کر دیکھتے پھر اس پر سینسر کی مہر لگاتے اوپر خط میں وہ مبہم سی مہر نظرآ تی ۔
خطوط کا مزہ اس وقت آ یا جب پوری دنیا سے تمام سیاسی قیدیوں کو ایمنسٹی انٹر نیشنل کے ممبران کی طرف یک جہتی اور نیک خواہشات کے سینکڑوں ہزاروں کارڈز ملنے شروع ہوئے مغربی ممالک سے آئے ایمنسٹی انٹر نیشنل کے ممبران ان خطوط کا جیل حکام پر بھی بہت اثر ہوا اور بہتر سے بہتر انداز میں پیش آ...
Today, majority of the Muslims' lives have turned out to be colored with a similar shade of the western civilization in every sphere of life. We watch that the matter of imitation achieved its most exceedingly awful pinnacle. In this era of ecstasy, the imitation of infidels and penitence of the Sunnah is growing rapidly due to the fact that Muslims have made it their habit. A particular group considers it enlightenment and ideological freedom and feels ashamed to follow Islam and Sunnah. The main reason for this attitude is that Muslims are unaware of the disadvantages of the imitation of infidels. In this article, the nuisances and flaws of imitation have been discussed, so that the Muslims could know about its imperfections and follow the Qur’ān and Sunnah.
Birds living in densely-populated (urban) areas are exposed to different environmental challenges. One of them is an exposure to a vast range of environmental pathogens simply due to lack of appropriate biosafety and biosecurity measures in hospitals and research centers. Therefore, wild/feral birds living in close vicinity to urban settings are hypothesized to be more immunocompetent and/or resistant to different pathogens than are birds living in rural settings. This hypothesis of varying immunocompetence in birds originating from rural and urban setting was evaluated using an endemic pathogen of birds, the Newcastle disease virus (NDV).The virus was isolated from migratory bird, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), at Chashma barrage and was found to be virulent on the basis of genomic (typical F protein cleaving motif: 112R-R-Q-K-R↓F117) and biological characteristics (EID50 =108.5 mL-1 and MDT= 49.5-50 hrs). Immunocompetence among individual group of each of 20 feral birds (pigeon, mynah, sparrow, crow and quail), both from urban and rural settings (n=10), were administered 0.1mL of a mitogen (1mg/mL), the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and thickness of patagium at different time intervals as 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60hr of post injection was measured through digital caliper. Post administration of PHA, all studied birds’ species showed a similar pattern of increase in web-thickness by the timer interval of 48 hours followed by a decline by 60 hr. Though variations in magnitude of swelling were observed among and/or within birds’ specie group, compared to their respective rural counterparts, birds originating from urban setting showed an enhanced swelling response (e.g., 1.26 2 mm ±0.03 vs 0.980 mm ±0.04 for pigeon, 0.235 mm ±0.02 vs 0.194 mm ±0.03 for sparrow, and 1.10 mm±0.03 vs 0.855 mm±0.04 crow) by 48 hours. For instance, in case of rural and urban pigeon, difference in thickness was continuous for each of the time interval (p < 0.05) whereas, in case of crow, this difference between birds in rural and urban setting was limited to time interval of 24 hrs (95% CI: 0.024-0.082; p < 0.05), 36 hrs (95% CI: 0.026-0.085; p < 0.05), 48 hrs (95% CI: 0.052-0.110; p < 0.05) and 60 hrs (95% CI: 0.036-0.097; p < 0.05). On the other hand, a lack of significant difference was found between urban and rural groups of sparrow, mynah and quail birds (p > 0.05). Following comparative immunocompetence evaluation, all birds were acclimatized for two weeks to diminish the effect of PHA and then challenged with Newcastle disease virus (1mL of 10-8 EID50/mL) isolated from mallard. The results of this study indicated that the urban birds were more resistant as evidenced by increased morbidity and mortality pattern, tissue tropism and virus shedding from 3rd dpi by 9th dpi among birds group. The study birds showed an equal potential to disseminate the virus in apparently healthy chicken where 100% mortality was observed in broiler by 6th dpi. The study outcome ascertains a need for continuous monitoring and surveillance of wild/migratory birds for NDV and also implementation of strict biosecurity measures not only in commercial setting but also in public sectors to control the spillover of pathogen to environment and wild birds.