روایاتِ اسباب النزول کے تفسیری ادب پر اثرات کا جائزہ

Sabab al-Nuzūl (cause of revelation) in Qur'anic studies means the time, context, cause, and the situation in which Allah has revealed verses. Cause of revelation has an important role in the interpretation of Qur’ān. Nevertheless, most of the verses and suras of Qur’ān are revealed independent of events, these verses are revealed to fulfill the general aim of Waḥī which is the guidance of people. Such knowledge is an invaluable tool for grasping the meaning of this type of Qur’ānic verse. Many Muslim scholars consider the studying of Asbāb alNuzūl and their related discussions as necessary. Some exegetes have written books studying the subject. The earliest and the most important work in this genre is undoubtedly Kitab Asbāb al-Nuzūl (Book of Occasions of Revelation) of ‘Alī bin Aḥmad al-Wāḥidī (d. 1075 CE). Another important work is by al-Suyūṭī (d. 1505 CE) which is a slight improvement of al-Wāḥidī’s book. In this paper descriptive method and comparative study are used to analysis traditions of revelation and their effects on Tafsīr literature. This paper proves the value of the causes of revelation in Qur’ānic Interptation and their effects on Tafsīr Literature, so that verification and authencity of traditions of causes of revelation are mandatory for Tafsīr.

Role of Educational Leaders for the Promotion of Quality Learning Environment in the Public and Private Sector Universities at Lahore.

It is a mixed methods study, about investigating the roles of educational leaders for quality learning environment in the Public and Private sector universities at Lahore. The objective of this study was to identify the gaps in the roles being played and entrusted to educational leaders. It highlights the current picture by finding the practiced roles being compared with the quality and leadership of public and private universities, point out the quality indicators and relationship of leadership with learning environment in the selected universities. The study was restricted to the public and private universities of Lahore which are recognized by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The population consisted of all the Deans, Directors, HODs, Professors, Associate Professors, Assistant Professors and lecturers of the universities at Lahore working in the four faculties like Natural Sciences, Management Sciences, Arts and Humanities and the Social Sciences. This population was divided in two tiers viz tier one was comprised of Deans, Directors, HODs, Professors, Associate Professors second tier was stretched over Assistant Professors and lecturers of the universities at Lahore working in the four faculties. Census sampling was done for the first tier and for the second tier all were approached and those who gave their willingness were added in the sample. Researcher tried to get the complete picture of the educational leadership roles for quality learning environments of universities. A self-developed rating scale was prepared, got validated by experts and then pilot tested for which Cronbatch Alpha Cofficient came out to be (r= .873). The rating scale was stretched over the roles related to educational services and administrative services for students. The sample consisted of 349 respondents out of which 247 were from public and 102 were from private universities. Triangulation process was applied to make data converge. The retired directors, head of the departments and other faculty members were interviewed as a focus group. Other methods were adopted to get the picture of educational roles for physical learning environment of these universities selected. These methods included use of observation schedule and documentary analysis. SPSS 22 was used for the quantitative analysis of data. Crosstabs, factor analysis, factor loading and regression analysis was computed. Interviews, documentary analysis and observations were also analyzed. Researcher evaluated the roles of educational leaders for educational services for students, administrative services for students, quality indicators of both public and private universities and emerging models were also derived from this study. Findings showed that public universities‘ faculty are better in their academic and administrative roles than private universities. Further it is proved that physical learning environment of public universities is more attuned to quality standards of HEC Pakistan than private universities.