The study examined the associations of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude towards pro-environmental behavior among 375 respondents of 9th and 10th grade of public and private secondary schools of Pakistan through mixed method approach. An adapted tool called ‘CATES’ originally developed by (Malkus and Musser 1993) was used to collect the quantitative part of data. Overall reliability for the present ‘study tool’ was found to be 0.791 in our Pakistani context. Association and dissociation were determined among male and female, rural and urban, and public and private students. The study found a positive association among environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior. It was found through the Independent Samples t-test that there were significant differences between environmental knowledge and income of the parents of the respondents. The significant difference was also found between the environmental attitude and the age groups 12-13 and 14-15 years. The students of younger age group of 9th grade (12-13 years) revealed comparatively better than their older counterparts i.e. 10th grade (14-15 year) students. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in environmental knowledge with education and income of parents, similarly the significant difference was also found in environmental attitude and education of parents. However the study found no significant differences among environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the groups of male and female, public and private, rural and urban AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR 2 respondents of the study. Pearson Correlation analysis showed a moderate r(375) = .424**, p < .001 positive relationship between environmental attitude and environmental behavior, significant but moderate positive r(375) = .313**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and attitude, and significant but weak positive r(375) = .233**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior scores of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade respectively. Thus the findings of the correlation analysis supported that the environmental knowledge was a weaker predictor of the environmental attitude as well as of environmental behavior, while the environmental attitude was the moderate predictor of the environmental behavior. The results of regression revealed that there was a positive impact of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude on the environmental behavior of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade level. Finally new directions for future research in environmental knowledge and their impacts are recommended.
عبدالرحمن خان نشترؔ جناب عبدالرحمن خان نشتر کی وفات نے پورے اترپردیش کو سوگوار بنادیا ہے، وہ اس صوبہ کے ایک مقبول اور ہر دلعزیز لیڈر تھے، ان پر دو بار دل کی بیماری کا حملہ ہوچکا تھا، ۷؍ اکتوبر کو بریلی کے ایک مشاعرہ میں نعتیہ کلام سماعت فرما رہے تھے کہ پھر حملہ ہوا اور جاں بحق ہوگئے، اِناﷲِ وَ اِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون، انھوں نے پہلے کان پور میں تجارت شروع کی، پھر قوم و وطن کی خدمت کے لیے اپنی زندگی وقف کردی وہ کانگریس پارٹی کے سرگرم اور مخلص کارکن تھے، مختلف تنظیمی عہدوں پر فائز رہنے کے علاوہ وزیر بھی رہے، اقلیتوں کے مسائل اور قومی یکجہتی کے پروگرام سے دلچسپی کی بناء پر کانگریس کے اقلیتی سیل کے صدر اور ریاستی قومی یکجہتی کونسل کے نائب صدر مقرر کیے گئے، جو بھی عہدہ اور ذمہ داری انھیں سپرد کی جاتی، اسے محنت، قابلیت اور دیانت داری سے انجام دیتے اور نیک نامی حاصل کرتے۔ نشتر صاحب ایک خوش عقیدہ مسلمان اور بزرگان دین کے بڑے متعقد تھے، مزاروں پر بھی حاضری دیتے، صوم و صلوٰۃ کے پابند تھے، تلاوت قرآن میں ناغہ نہ کرتے، حج کا فریضہ بھی ادا کیا تھا، گزشتہ سال لکھنو کی تقدس حج کانفرنس کا افتتاح کرتے ہوئے انھوں نے جو پرمغز اور دلنشین تقریر کی اس سے لوگ بہت متاثر ہوئے، اس سے ان کی گہری مذہبیت کا بھی اندازہ ہوا، مسلمانوں کے مخصوص مسائل سے بھی دلچسپی لیتے اور اس کے لیے جرأت و بے باکی سے آواز بلند کرتے، وہ اپنی نیکی، شرافت، وضعداری اور انسانیت دوستی کی وجہ سے ہر طبقہ میں مقبول تھے، دوسروں کی مدد کرکے خوش ہوتے، بڑے عہدوں پر فائر ہونے کے باوجود عوام سے بھی برابر رابطہ قائم رکھتے، راقم سے ملاقات ہوتی تو بڑے تپاک سے ملتے...
The word corruption is very comprehensive. It is the synonym of bribery, demoralization, sinfulness, wickedness, impurity, dishonesty, fraud, falsehood, embezzlement, illegal and criminal, etc. Currently in pakistan government & private sectors, high rank government employees, bureaucracy and political institutions, are involved in different kinds of corruption. Consequently, the economy of the courntry has been effected extremly. Therefore, there is no peace in the counrtry. CALVIN COOLIDGE said in his speech, in 1923: "Economy is always a guarantee of peace". (1) In this research article it would be searched that how the corruption in the country could be eradicated, in the light of Islamic teachings. So that the economy of the the country can make progress smoothly and easily.
Zirconia ceramics have received much attention due to its good mechanical strength, good thermal properties, biocompatibility and white color. These properties make zirconia more suitable for orthopedic and maxillofacial implants. Among three phases of zirconia (monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic), tetragonal zirconia is more suitable for implants and coatings, but tetragonal zirconia is stable at higher temperatures and transforms to monoclinic phase upon cooling. This research includes preparation and characterizations of zirconia coatings and nanostructures. Different routes of sol-gel preparation were used. Detailed study was carried out to optimize gelation agent, pH and molarity of the sol. Samples were prepared at different molarities (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.125M) in acidic (pH 2) and basic mediums (pH 9) using three different gelation agents (NaOH, NH3 and NH4OH). Un-doped and doped zirconia nanostructures and coatings were studied in this research work with water as solvent. Molarity of the sol had a significant effect on the volume fraction of tetragonal zirconia content with a relatively small crystallite size <30nm. pH of the sol also played an important role for tetragonal zirconia formation; pH of zirconia sol was varied from 1 to 11. Optimization of stabilized tetragonal zirconia under as-synthesized conditions was obtained for samples prepared at molarity 0.1M in basic medium (pH 9) using NH3 as gelation agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results were consistent with XRD data that confirmed the formation of phase pure tetragonal zirconia under as-synthesized conditions. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-separated and well-defined nanoparticles of size range 30-50 nm that is compatible for implants. Along with thermal stability problem another drawback of zirconia is lack of bonding with body fluid. In order to increase its bonding strength some organic additives (Glucose and Fructose) have been added in zirconia. Nanowires of zirconia with diameter of 8nm were observed in case of organic additive zirconia with hardness ~1500HV. Effect of biocompatible dopant Fe3O4 in zirconia sol for stabilization of tetragonal content has also been studied to increase its application area. Fe3O4 was used as a dopant with acidic (pH 4) and basic (pH 10) nature with 2-10wt%. Pure tetragonal zirconia content has been observed under XRD study at 8-10wt% of basic (pH 10) nature. It is worth mentioning that biocompatible Fe3O4 has been used for the first time for stabilization of tetragonal zirconia. This optimized zirconia was coated on teeth that were soaked in several foods and beverages. Results reveal that after coatings teeth show no loss to enamel and weight even in strong acidic and basic mediums.