موضوع5:تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت
تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔جس کے معنی جانچنا، پرکھنا ، کھرے اور کھوٹے کو الگ کرنا ہیں۔
تنقیدکی ضرورت و اہمیت:
تنقید کا سلسلہ تخلیق آدم سے شروع ہوا۔ جب اللہ تعالی نے حضرت آدم ؑکو پید اکیا تو فرشتوں نے اللہ سے گزارش کہ کہ یہ انسان دنیا میں جاکر فساد اور لڑائی جھگڑے کرے گا۔ اس کی تخلیق کی ضرورت کیوں پیش آئی؟عبادت کے لیے تو ہم کافی ہیں۔ اس کی تخلیق پر نظر ثانی کی جائے۔اللہ نے فرشتوں کوغرض تخلیق آدم? سے آگاہ کیا۔سب سے پہلے آدم? پر تنقید کی گئی یعنی تخلیق پر تنقید ہوئی۔اس سے یہ بھی واضع ہوا کہ تنقید کے لیے تخلیق کا ہونا ضروری ہے۔
تنقید تخلیقی ذہن کو جلا بخشتی ہے جس کی وجہ سے صحت مند تخلیق وجود میں آتی ہے۔تنقید تخلیق کے فن کے لیے سازگار ماحول مہیا کرتی ہے۔مثلا ایک شاعر نظم میں بے ہودہ الفاظ استعمال کرتا ہے تونقاد اس کو دھوڈالتا ہے۔اس لیے آئندہ لکھنے والے اس تنقید کو مدنظر رکھیں گے تنقید کا دوسرا کام فن پاروں کی تشریح و توضیع کرنا ہے مثلا نقادکیا کہنا چاہ رہا ہے۔تخلیق کار تخلیق کردیتا ہے اور نقاد کا کام یہ ہے کہ وہ وضاحت کرکے بتاتا ہے کہ کیا صحیح ہے اور کیا غلط ہے۔ایک انگریز مفکر "ڈیوڈ ڈیشن "کہتے ہیں:
" نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی قسم کے سوالات اٹھاتا ہے۔تاہم اگر وہ کوئی سوال نہ بھی اٹھائے تووہ فن پارے کے مختلف طریقوں سے شرح کرکے وضاحت کرکے قاری کے حسن فن میں اضافہ کرتا ہے۔نقاد ادب کے بارے میں کئی سوالات اٹھا تا ہے۔"
تنقید کی ضرورت:
• تنقید سے کسی فن پارے کے محاسن و معائب سامنے آئیں گے یعنی خوبیاں اور خامیاں وغیرہ۔
• شاعروں اور ادیبوں کو دوبارہ زندہ کرنے کے...
Islam is the full code of life that not only provides guidance to its followers but also is a source of growth for each and every one who has soul. Islam emphasizes on formation of an exemplary society. Basic unit of each society is dependent upon the family system. If family system is inspired with good and healthy values, then the resulting society will certainly be brightened with brilliance of the righteous values. Family and affiliation with family is a natural need for humanity. Since Islam is the nature, therefore it provides us full guidance about the family system and its importance in our whole life. Islam emphasizes on family strengthening and stability. The importance of family relationships and relations with the relatives has also been mentioned in the holy Qur’an. Family is referred as “Usrah” in Arabic, which means being bound or connected. Strongest castle is also known as “Usrah” in Arabic, where members within a family remain united and connected together with strong bonding among them. Keeping in view the needs of a family, Islam has described the fundamental principles related to family system in a very narrative way. Moreover, mutual responsibilities towards each other and other rights have also been mentioned explicitly. Even Islam has emphasized on showing generous compassion, sympathy and providing legal rights to one another. While some of the issues have been left mainstream which people within a society consider good and don’t even contradict the principles of Islam. One such issue is the family system. What should be the nature of family? Is it all in living within one family or in a separate family system? There are two types of family systems in Sharia; Joint and separate family systems. The conditions and circumstances which better suit in an environment with good effects on family as well as society should better be adapted. But it should be kept in mind that the western concept of separate family (wife, children and one’s own-self) being presented today is not an Islamic concept. For explaining these aspects, the present article will focus on “what is the basic concept and Impacts of joint and separate family systems in Islam? And what are the impacts of these family systems on the society (economic, social and psychological)
In some serious environmental constraints, soil salinity is a worldwide major issue for crop production and soil declination. Salinity in Pakistan has covered 6.68 million hectares area of cultivated land and further out of 6.68 million hectares 56% area is covered by saline sodic. The soil salinity causes hindrance in the availability of very essential macronutrients like phosphorus. The relation between phosphorus uptake and soil salinity is a complex phenomenon. With the aim to calculate phosphorus (P) fractions and to maximize P bioavailability in wheat crop, a series of pot and field experiments were conducted in normal and salt affected soils. In 1st incubation study rate of P was selected on the basis of plant available P at different time intervals from three different rates (200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 of soil) of P fertilizer. Results revealed that among different fractions of P (bound and bioavailable), maximum Olsen-P was found 12.18 mg kg-1 in PROKA soil (saline sodic), 9.225 mg kg-1 in PARS soil (saline) and 9.125 mg kg-1 in UAF soil (normal), when P was applied at 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Selected rate of P fertilizer (400 mg kg-1) was used in 2nd incubation study with different organic amendments [farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), crop residue (CR)] and sewage sludge (SS) for the determination of P fractions at different time intervals. Plant available Olsen-P fraction significantly increased after 90 days of incubation in all soils (normal, saline sodic, saline) with amendments FYM and PM but not as much with amendments CR and SS at P application level 400 mg kg-1 of soil. Overall, Olsen-P was increased maximum with PM (23.2, 21.7 and 19.4 mg kg-1) and FYM (20.6, 17.6 and 20.6 mg kg-1) as compare with SS (14.3, 15.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1) and CR (12.9, 14.4 and 14.0 mg kg-1) in normal, saline sodic and saline soils, respectively. To evaluate the effect of P rate (400 mg kg-1) selected from 1st study and organic amendments (FYM and PM) selected from 2nd study, A subsequent pot experiment was conducted in normal (UAF) and salt-affected (PROKA and PARS) soils. Results showed a significant effect on wheat growth, yield, physiological, chemical and biochemical parameters by combined application of P + PM in all soils. On the basis of these parameters, P + PM remained as best in normal and salt-affected soils with order of normal>saline>saline sodic. In pot experiment, maximum level of grain yield (24%), photosynthesis (37%), protein (20%), fat (40%), starch (41%) and maximum reduction in polyphenol (47%) were observed by combined application of P + PM, over control. Highest level of P in root xviii (53%), shoot (57%) and grain (121%) was found in wheat plant grown in normal soil while maximum level of Olsen-P (99%) was observed in saline sodic soil by P+PM treatment, over control. In field experiment, results showed that growth parameters such as plant height, root dry weight and 1000 grain weight were increased maximum with PM + P treatment in all soils. Photosynthetic parameters also affected significantly in all three types of soils by combined application of PM + P. Significant effect of combined application of P fertilizer and PM was recorded in case of P concentration in wheat root, shoot and grain in all soils. Biochemical parameters such as protein, fat, fiber, ash, starch and polyphenols were also affected significantly with treatment PM + P. Overall these experimental results showed that P fertilizer applied with PM, not only improved wheat growth, yield and physiology but also improved grain nutritional value and P uptake in both type of soils (normal and salt-affected). Reduction in adverse effect of soil salinity was also observed by integration of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments.