This study aimed to investigate the Impact of low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude towards Chemistry at Secondary level in Khyber. A related purpose was to investigate the gender differences in creativity, achievement and attitude towards Chemistry. The research strategy adopted in this study was mixed methods; both quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. As triangulation are the key characteristics of mixed method. Therefore, triangulation was in this research as well. To assess creativity of the students a test of creativity was developed. The test was comprised of five components, i.e. sensibility to problem, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration & redefinition. The reliability of the creativity test of science (Chemistry) was established using the test - retest method. The test-retest took 25 days. The test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87. Achievement test was prepared according to the style of routine exam of the schools / colleges. The objective of this particular study is to investigate the impact of teaching science through low cost materials on students’ achievement. Therefore, on the bases of cognitive domains, (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation) of Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives the researcher developed achievement tests (pre-tests and post-test) from the contents and activities of 12 grad of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook of Chemistry. There were 29 items and every item had four options. The test was shown to practicing teachers in 15 schools and their comments were sought. And necessary changes were made in the questions and test as a whole. The test was also piloted to 80 students and item analysis was carried out. Similarly, a modified versiob of Test of Science-Related Attitude (TOSRA) was used to measure students’ attitude towards chemistry. The test was purely constructed on Likert scale to measure the students’ attitude towards chemistry on the factors such as Behavior tendency to learn chemistry, Liking for chemistry laborastory work , Liking for chemistry theory lesson , Evaluation belief about chemistry, Leisure interest in science andEnjoyment of chemistry .Besides these tests two interviews (one for teachers and one for students) were also conducted for data collection. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of students for interviews. The selection of the students was non-random. The researcher selected nine students for structured interview. Three students from high achiever group three students from average and three from lower achieving groups. The selection was on the bases of achievement in their creativity test, pre-test and post-test and on the researcher observation Likert check list. There were some threats (extraneous variables) which could affect the experimental study. The researcher controlled these threats, because any uncontrolled extraneous variable could affect the performance on the depending variable to the validity of an experiment.During pilot study the researcher came to know that what type of internal and external validity could be controlled. On the bases of threats the researcher selected an institution and sample where all the threats were controlled. The most important internal threats were mortality, instrumentation, testing and differential selection of participants faced during pilot study. Due to mortality, the reduction in the number of participants occurred over time as individuals dropped out for different reasons. 26 out of 80 participants dropped out. The researcher, in broad study, overcame the mortality of groups by obtaining demographic information about the participants before the start of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-test through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Similarly qualitative data from interviews was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. Main findings of the study indicated that students in experimental group, taught through activity with low cost materials, showed significantly greater creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry than the students in control group. This study further showed that female students, both in experimental and control groups, outperformed their male counterparts. This shows that teaching through activities with low cost material produced better results in the terms of creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry.
Khawājah Obāidullah Multānī’s Mystical Pattern of Preaching in Establishing Peace and Harmony and Its Contemporary Meaningfulness: An Analytical Study A Sufi, literally practically in denotation and connotation is such a figure whose heart is naturally and habitually free of pollution of pride, prejudice, sectarianism, ethnicity, linguicism, and hatred for animate and inanimate things on any ground. This purity of sentiments and sanctity of thoughts of Sufis of Islam have always influenced not only the morality of the Muslims but also attracted the people of anti-Islamic faiths. Human history in general and Islamic history, in particular, is replete with such instances as prove that where logistics and warring tactics of the Muslims failed to produce any positive and healthy effects, these were the unseen swords of Sufis' unmatched conduct and exceedingly supreme love for humanity which bore results of ever-lasting magnitude. Due to the safe and unbiased style of the preaching of Sufis of Islam, foes became friends, twisted pathways became straight high ways of peace and prosperity, the grieved became happy, the downtrodden became the champions and the rejected ones became the accepted ones. Sufis have always been the torchlight and beacon-house equally for the believers and the non-believers. Sufis’ preaching style has been the epitome of the style of Prophet of Islam.
Various chemists have attempted synthesis of a variety of quinazoline/quinazolinone compounds of versatile biological potential as they possess anticonvulsant and hypnotic, anticancer, antimicrobial and antihistaminic, diuretic, antimalarial, antihypertensive, antagonism of ghrelin receptor, antiinflammatory, analgesic and COX-2 inhibitory as well as antifungal activities. But, most of these studies were focused on the synthesis of 2-monosubstituted ones. Very few examples for the synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted quinazoline moieties have been recorded in literature but low yields, drastic reaction conditions and prolonged reaction times along with having lack of detailed biological activities study are the major drawbacks. Keeping in view, the biological importance of quinazoline/quinazolinone compounds, present work was designed to synthesize 2,2-disubstituted-2,3- dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones 3a-h which possess quinazoline moiety, by exploring a facile and efficient synthetic methodology with excellent yield of the product (98.2 - 99.5%) and to study their biological activities. Nitro 4a-h, bromo 5a-h and N-alkylated / benzylated 6a-af derivatives of the 2,2-disubstituted-2,3- dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones 3a-h were also synthesized. All synthesized compounds were biologically evaluated as inhibitors of cholinesterase and urease enzymes. Molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds was also conducted to optimize the in vitro results. GOLD (Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking) suit v5.4.1 was used to optimize the binding modes of the synthesized compounds. The computed binding modes in the active site of AChE and BChE are helpful in providing an insight into the enzyme inhibition mechanism. Computational predictions on the basis of ADMET SAR study was also carried out to get insight into pharmacokinetic properties of synthesized compounds in comparison to standard drug donepezil. Furthermore, computational studies like FMO and NBO analyses at the density functional theory (DFT) level using B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) method was carried out by employing Gaussian 09 software. Anti-cholinesterase assay results revealed that all the tested compounds showed activity against both AChE and BChE enzymes in micromolar to nanomolar range. Many compounds have shown the inhibition of both these enzymes higher than or comparable to the standard drug galatamine but few have displayed better activity even than donepezil. In general, some compounds having 4-chlorophenyl and di-isobutyl groups at C-2 position of quinazoline ring including 2-(4- chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (3f), 2-(4-chloro-3- nitro-phenyl)-2-methyl-6,8-dinitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (4f), 6,8- dibromo-2-(3-bromo-4-chloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4- one (5f), 1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1Hquinazolin- 4-one (6x), 2,2-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (3h), 6,8-dinitro-2,2-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4h), 6,8-dibromo-2,2-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (5h), 1- benzyl-2,2-diisobutyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6ad) and 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)- 2,2-diisobutyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6af) possessed high AChE/BChE inhibitory activity in their respective series of analogues. Amongst all synthesized quinazoline moieties, compound 5f (selectivity index of 2.3 for AChE) with IC50value of 1.6±0.10 μM and 3.7±0.18 μM for AChE and BChE respectively and compound 6af (selectivity index of 2.6) with IC50 value of 0.6±0.01 (AChE) and 1.56 ±0.08 (BChE) can be considered as the most potent AChE/BChE dual inhibitors. Antiurease assay results revealed that compounds, 6,8-dinitro-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4a), 6,8-dinitro-2,2- bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4h), 1-benzyl-2-ethyl-2- methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6j), 1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-2,2-diethyl- 2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6p), 1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-2-methyl-2-propyl- 2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6t), 1-benzyl-2-isobutyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro- 1H-quinazolin-4-one (6z), 1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-2-isobutyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro- 1H-quinazolin-4-one (6ab) have good urease inhibitory potential. Amongst all tested moieties, compound, 2-methyl-6,8-dinitro-2-(3-nitro-phenyl)-2,3- dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4b) with IC50=8.70±0.19 μM and 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)- 2-ethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-4-one (6l) with IC50= 6.55±0.15μM can be considered the strongest JBU inhibitor as compared to standard drug thiourea (21.0±0.01μM). Molecular docking study of the synthesized quinazoline/quinazolinone compounds against AChE and BChE revealed that dibromo derivatives 5a-h displayed better interaction with enzyme gorge than their dinitro 4a-h and unsubstituted 3a-h counterparts. But overall, N-substituted derivatives 6a-af displayed much better interactions among all synthesized quinazoline/quinazolinone compounds. Computational predictions on the basis of ADMET studies revealed that all the compounds except 4a-h have good pharmacokinetic properties as they are predicted to be absorbed in human intestine and also have the ability to cross blood brain barrier along with having no AMES toxicity and carcinogenicity. Non-carcinogenic and non-AMES toxicity of N-substituted compounds 6a-af is better than un-substituted quinazoline/quinazolinone compounds. The geometric parameters including bond length, bond angles and dihedral angles of compound 3a were optimized at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) level of DFT. Calculated energy of HOMO and LUMO was -0.20651 eV and -0.02966 eV respectively. Whereas, selective Mullikan charges, ranged from -0.587 to 0.587 and NBO charge distribution varied from -0.711 to 0.711 on the heterocyclic ring of quinazoline core.