سیداخلاق حسین دہلوی
شمع اردو کاایک اورچراغ بُجھ گیا،اردو کے ممتاز اہل قلم اورادیب ونقاد علامہ سید اخلاق حسین دہلوی اپنی رہائش گاہ لال محل بستی حضرت نظام الدین نئی دہلی میں تقریباً چھ ماہ کی علالت سے گذرتے ہوئے اٹھاسی سال کی طبعی عمر میں انتقال فرماکر اپنے مولیٰ کے حضور میں حاضر ہوگئے۔انا ﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون ۔
مرحوم انتہائی دیندار اوربلند پایہ کتابوں کے مصنف تھے ان کی سوانح عمری میں یہ مرقوم ہے کہ انہوں نے ۱۶ سال کی عمر میں ایک تحقیقی کتابچہ ’’عشق ‘‘ مرتب کرکے شائع کیاتھا۔ اس کے بعدتوان کی کئی کتابیں منظر عام پر آکرعلمی دینی اور ادبی حلقوں میں داد تحسین حاصل کرگئیں۔ ’ ویدک دھرم اور اسلام‘ ان کی کتاب علمی اورتاریخی دنیا میں بڑی شہرت وسراہت کاباعث بنی۔
حضرت علامہ سید اخلاق حسین دہلوی کوعلماء کرام سے بڑی ہی عقیدت تھی، مفکر ملّت حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانیؒ سے انہیں والہانہ لگاؤ وانسیت اور محبت تھی، اکثر ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی کے دفتر میں مفتی صاحب ؒ سے ملاقات کی غرض سے آتے اور بڑی دلجمعی کے ساتھ ان کے خیالات سے استفادہ کرتے، مجاہد ملّت حضرت مولانا حفظ الرحمن ؒ اورسحبان الہند مولانا احمدسعیدؒ سے بھی ان کا خصوصی تعلق وربط تھا۔
دہلی کی تہذیب وتمدن کی نمائندگی کے جیتے جاگتے نمونہ تھے۔آہ !ایسی زندہ دل، متین ومخلص شخصیت بھی اب ہمارے درمیان سے اٹھ گئی:
’’اب اسے ڈھونڈ چراغ رخِ زیبا لے کر‘‘
مرحوم علامہ سیداخلاق حسین دہلوی ملّی کاموں میں بھی پیش پیش رہتے تھے۔ ان کے برادرِ خوردحکیم سید حسین دہلوی جن کا انتقال تقریباً ڈیڑھ دوسال پیشتر اپنے برادرِ کلاں کی حیات میں ہی ہوگیاتھا۔دہلی کی معاشرتی اورادبی زندگی کی جان تھے۔خلوص وایثار کے پیکر مجسم!
اﷲ تعالیٰ کروٹ کروٹ جنت نصیب فرمائے اورمتعلقین کوصبر جمیل عطا کرے...
Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence.
Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], an significant legume of Pakistan, is affected a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is one of the serious biotic factors affecting its yield badly. This pathogen infects plants at almost all growth stages. This pathogen is difficult to control by ordinary cultural practices. Moreover, chemical control of M. phaseolina is also difficult and generally not advisable. Furthermore, use of chemical fungicides also cause environmental pollution. The present study was undertaken to evaluate potential of selected Asteraceous weed species namely Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, Sonchus oleraceous L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Launea nudicaulis (L.) Hook, for management of charcoal rot of black gram. Antifungal screening bioassays of selected Asteraceous weeds were performed with different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g 100 mL-1) of methanolic extracts of leaves, stems, roots and inflorescence of each selected weed species. Methanolic extracts of all the five weeds exhibited antifungal activity against the pathogen. However, the antifungal activity varied with the weed specie, plant part assayed and concentration of the methanolic extract. Extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were found highly effective against M. phaseolina. Leaf, stem root and inflorescence extracts of S. oleraceous caused 7-73%, 54-84%, 51-87% and 49-82% inhibition in fungal biomass, respectively. Similarly, A. conyzoides stem extract exhibited maximum reduction in fungal biomass i.e. 20-83% while its leaf, root and inflorescence extracts suppressed fiungal biomass by 16-67%, 6-31% and 4-21%, respectively. Methanolic leaf extracts of E. alba, C. arvense and L. nudicaulis exhibited pronounced antifungal activity caused 10-64%, 10-74% and 20-75% reduction in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. In screening biomassays, methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and Ageratum conyzoides showed the best antifungal activities against the test fungus, therefore, their different organic solvent fractions viz. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were further tested for antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Chloroform fraction of S. oleraceous showed the highest antifungal activity followed n-hexane fraction causing 60-90% and 15-68% suppression in biomass of M. phaseolina, respectively. Similarly, chloroform fraction of A. conyzoides showed the highest inhibition in fungal biomass (56-93%). On the basis of their best antifungal potential, chloroform fractions of methanolic stem extracts of S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were selected for identification of antifungal constituents through GC-MS analysis. In S. oleraceous stem chloroform fraction, a total of 16 compounds were identified. The five major compounds were hexadecanoic acid (13.263%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (13.12%); 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E) - (12.946%) and 1- docosonal (8.616%). Similarly, 10 compounds were identified in chloroform fraction of stem extract of A. conyzoides 2H-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2, 2-dimethyl (27.58%); hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.85%); 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (15.28%); 9, 12-octadecanoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (13.67%) and 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (10.88%) as the most abundant ones. Dry biomass of the two highly antifungal weeds in laboratory bioassays viz. S. oleraceous and A. conyzoides were was used as soil amendment for management of charcoal rot of black gram in pot experiments. Different doses of the two weeds viz. 0.5, 1.0, …3.0% were mixed in M. phaseolina inoculated pot soil before sowing of black gram seed. Soil amendment with 2.0% dry biomass of each weed species resulted in 100% control of the disease. In general, the highest crop growth and yield under M. phaseolina stress was recorded in 2.5% soil amendment with dry biomass of either of the weed species. There was 4293% and 7400% increased grain yield was recorded due to 2.5% amendment of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous dry biomass, respectively, over positive control. The highest peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase activities were recorded in M. phaseolina alone inoculated plants which were gradually decreased by increasing dose of dry biomass as amendment. . The present study concludes that methanolic extracts of selected weed species A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous possess antifungal potential against M. phaseolina. Chemical compounds particularly fatty acid methyl esters present in these weeds are responsible for their antifungal activity against M. phaseolina. Charcoal rot disease in black gram can effectively be managed by incorporating dry biomass of A. conyzoides and S. oleraceous at the rate of 2.5% (w/w) followed by pronounced increase in crop growth and yield.