The study was conducted to find out the impact of teachers’ associations on quality of education, at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The main objectives of the study were to find the current nature and status of teachers association, to investigate the flaws and drawbacks of current teachers’ associations, to formulate a strategy for keeping away teachers from practical politics and to create a true trade union spirit. The population of the study consisted of all the principal, teachers, association members and students at secondary level in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Targeted population was taken from five districts namely Abbotabad, Kohat, Mardan, Peshawar and Swat. The sample of the study consisted of 100 principals, 500 teachers, 100 association members and 500 students at secondary level. The primary Data was collected with the help of Questionnaires while the secondary Data was based on the study of relevant documents, books, thesis, journals, articles and review of related literature. The findings based on the statistical evidences indicated that Teachers’ Associations work for the rights of teachers, solve many problems of teachers, work for increase in salary and struggle for educational reforms. However most of them are supported by political parties for their own interest. This research proved that these Teachers’ Associations can successfully influence educational policies, educational budget, educational facilities and educational curriculum. They should solve the problems of teachers equally for the betterment of education system and for the development of society.
منشی محمد حنیف بمبئی کے خطوط سے منشی محمد حنیف صاحب کے انتقال کی خبر معلوم کرکے بڑا صدمہ ہوا، ان کی جوانی مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر کی خدمت میں گزری، پھر بمبئی گئے، اﷲ نے کاروبار میں بڑی برکت دی۔ ہر طرح کی فارغ البالی کے باوجود نہ دین سے شغف میں کمی آئی اور نہ مدرسۃ الاصلاح کی محبت میں فرق آیا۔ اس کی ترقی و فلاح کے لیے برابر فکرمند رہتے۔ دارالمصنفین سے بھی خاص لگاؤ تھا، اس کے لائف ممبر تھے، مولانا شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی اور سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن صاحب سے بڑے مخلصانہ روابط تھے، ان حضرات کی بمبئی اور اپنے گاؤں آندھی پور میں پر تکلف دعوتیں کرتے، مجھ پر بھی بڑی شفقت فرماتے۔ اب ایسے شریف، بامروت، وضع دار اور مخلص لوگ نایاب ہوتے جارہے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ غریقِ رحمت کرے اور متعلقین و اعزہ کا غم زائل کرے!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مئی ۱۹۹۸ء)
This study critically examines the scientific, logical and civilizational aspects of the challenge of atheism and proposes how to combat this problem in the light of Islamic teachings. Twentieth century is peculiar in promoting atheism, agnosticism and skepticism. Contemporary modern scientific approach has also contributed towards the negation of the existence of God. Although our universe provokes our thoughts for the exploration of the ultimate reality yet most of us take it for granted and do not stare and care. Atheism is rapidly expanding trend in universities. Pakistani universities are not exception to it. This paper explains the scientific, logical, psychological, intuitive and spiritual arguments for the existence of God in the light of Islamic teachings.
Pakistan is an agriculture-based country and in agriculture sector, livestock is contributing lions‘ share. The livestock has great potential of increments in dairy products if the losses due to infectious diseases, lower management, and lack of recognition of this sector as industry may be reduced to minimum level. As foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, clinically acute, contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals including wild and domesticated ruminants. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types O, A and Asia I are endemic in Pakistan. The losses due to this disease only have reached to billions of rupees every year. In first part of the study, suspected FMD samples from 374 animals (buffaloes and cattle) were collected including mouth swabs, vesicles, and serum and tongue tissue from dead animals from field outbreaks occurred in three provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan) during 2005-2009. The samples were subjected to virus isolation, Ag-ELISA, non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), amplification of VP1, P1 and whole genome, sequencing of VP1, P1 and whole genome. The sequences were then used in phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 4.0, to assess the movement of virus. Thirty eight viruses were isolated on cell culture. Thirty six viruses were confirmed as FMDV serotype O and two as serotype A. The viral isolates were sequenced and that include FMDV type O (32 VP1, 2 whole genome and 2 P1 sequences) and type A (1 VP1 and 1 P1 sequences). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates fall in PanAsia II lineage of a broader group of PanAsia lineage. The type A viral isolates were closely related to Iranian sequences of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The second part of the study was the development and evaluation of an ELISA system for the early detection of specific FMD IgM antibodies in the serum of infected, carrier and vaccinated animals. Experimental and field outbreak serum samples (n=3440) were used for this purpose. The experimental samples were from cattle and sheep experiments carried out at Institute for Animal Health (IAH), United Kingdom in the past and field outbreak serum samples were from UK 2001 and 2007 outbreaks of FMD. Naïve samples (n=236 cattle & 36 sheep) were tested to find out the frequency distribution. It was found that at a cutoff value of 0.3, 100% specificity can be achieved. Furthermore, the test also had the potential to detect the infected, vaccinated and carrier animals. It was concluded from the study that FMD was endemic in Pakistan and upon phylogenetic analysis it was revealed that same viruses with minor nucleotide changes were the cause of repeated outbreaks in the areas under study. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole length genome sequence including S, L, and complete open reading frame of FMD viral isolate from Pakistan. Overall, the results of the IgM ELISA may correlate with the infection status and possibly the carrier status of cattle. Therefore, the IgM ELISA could be a tool to identify infected cattle and in particular probable carrier cattle in a vaccinated population. However, the IgM ELISA cannot, sensu strict, detect carrier animals, which is only possible by virus isolation. Further studies with vaccinated, non-infected cattle should be carried out to clarify whether the IgM ELISA can reliably detect infected cattle in a vaccinate population.