مولانا ابوظفر ندوی
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ ہماری جماعت کے ایک نامور رکن مولانا ابوظفر صاحب ندوی نے انتقال کیا، ان سے دارالمصنفین کے گوناگوں تعلقات تھے، وہ ندوہ کے مشہور فاضل، نامور، اہل قلم اور حضرت سید صاحبؒ کے حقیقی بھتیجے تھے، دارالمصنفین میں بھی کئی سال تک رہے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی علم و تعلیم کی خدمت اور تالیف و تصنیف میں گزری وہ مختلف اوقات میں شانتی نیکتن بنگال، جمالیہ کالج مدراس اور دوسری تعلیم گاہوں میں معلم رہے، ادھر عرصہ سے گجرات ورنیکلر سوسائٹی احمدآباد میں ریسرچ اسکالر تھے اور گجرات کی تاریخ اور ادبیات پر تحقیقات کررہے تھے، ان کا ذوق خالص علمی اور ہندوستان کی تاریخ ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، اس پر انھوں نے کئی کتابیں لکھیں، دو کتابیں تاریخ سندھ اور مختصر تاریخ ہند دارالمصنفین سے شائع ہوچکی ہیں، ایک کتاب گجرات کی تمدنی تاریخ کا مسودہ موجود ہے جو انشاء اﷲ آئندہ شائع ہوگی، ایک کتاب تاریخ گجرات ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی سے شائع ہورہی ہے ان کے علاوہ سفرنامہ برہما، برہمی بول چال اور بعض دوسری کتابیں ان کی یادگار ہیں، ان مستقل تصانیف کے علاوہ ان کے مضامین معارف اور برہان وغیرہ علمی رسالوں میں وقتاً فوقتاً نکلتے رہتے تھے، مگر ان میں استقلال نہ تھا، اس لیے اپنی علمی قابلیت کے لحاظ سے وہ جس شہرت کے مستحق تھے وہ ان کو حاصل نہ ہوسکی، ان علمی کمالات کے ساتھ بڑے دیندار، نیک نفس اور سادہ مزاج تھے، جہاں رہتے تھے علمی کاموں کے ساتھ کچھ نہ کچھ دینی اور قومی و ملی کام بھی کرتے رہتے تھے۔ حضرت سید صاحبؒ کے گھرانے میں وہ آخری علمی یادگار تھے، وفات کے وقت سترسال کے قریب عمر رہی ہوگی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ اس خادم علم و دین کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ...
Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.
Botrytis grey mold (BGM) is the most important biological constraint for lentil crop in Pakistan. During 2007-08 and 2008-09, 912 varieties/lines were evaluated under field conditions. There was no line found to exhibit immunity against Botrytis grey mold. 452 and 236 varieties/lines exhibited moderately resistant response against Botrytis grey mold during 2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively. During 2007-08 and 2008-09, 652 and 863 varieties/lines exhibited susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold. 166 varieties/lines exhibited highly susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold during 2007-08, while 171 one exhibited highly susceptible response to Botrytis grey mold during 2008-09. Maximum disease development occurred at temperature 23-26 oC and 18-24 oC, relative humidity at 5 pm 36-54 %, rainfall 0-3 mm, wind speed 3-5 Km/h and sun shine 6-10 hours. The data of susceptible to highly susceptible lines/ varieties and meteorological variables were subjected step wise regression analysis based on two years data a model consisting of all environmental variables explained 98 % variability in disease development. When these were split by years; a three environmental variable model consisting of sun shine hours, relative humidity % at 8 am, relative humidity % at 5 pm explained 96 % variability in botrytis grey mold severity during 2008. However, during 2009, four environmental variables model consisting of wind speed Km/h at 8 am, max temperature oC, relative humidity % at 5 pm and rain fall mm explained 99 % variability in botrytis grey mold severity. For the management of BGM, three antagonists (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger), three plant extract (Azadirachta indica, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Eucalyptus terticornis) coupled with three fungicides including Topsin-M, Cabriotop, and Antracol with different doses were used in laboratory experiment to assess their effectiveness against the colony growth of Botrytis cinerea. Out of these, Cabriotop, Trichoderma harzianum, Azadirachta indica were found effective in inhibiting the mycelium growth of the fungus. These same treatments were also found effective in greenhouse experiments. The most effective treatments were tested on two varieties and one advanced line under field condition. Among these Cabrio top at 150 ppm was most effective in controlling BGM on Masoor-85, Masoor-93 and line 00518. The protective spray of these treatments was significantly effective compared to curative spray.