Like many other developing countries, Pakistan has not only liberalized its trade but also adopted liberal policy for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Evidence shows that despite comparatively satisfactory average economic growth, Pakistan’s performance in economic development indicators is still not encouraging. Several studies have focused on the contribution of trade and FDI in economic growth of Pakistan. However, there is dearth of studies that analyze and provide conclusive evidence of the impact of trade liberalization (TL) and FDI on economic development, particularly regarding human development (human well-being) and sustainability. With intention to fill this gap in literature, the prime objective of this study is to investigate impact of trade liberalization and foreign direct investment on broader human centered view of economic development in Pakistan. The study uses annual data, covering the period from 1972 to 2015. This study would generally provide a unique contribution to the literature of economic development for developing countries and particularly for Pakistan. Taking inspiration from Sen’s ‘capability’ approach, this study uses human development index (HDI) as proxy of economic development. To achieve stated objectives of the study, eleven models are specified. Four models reveal impact of trade liberalization’s proxies (trade volume and per capita trade) on human development index (HDI) while in two models impact of FDI on HDI is examined. Two models disclose effect of economic globalization index on HDI and rest of the models demonstrate impact of trade liberalization and FDI on environment. Augmented Dickey-Fullers (ADF) test is applied to identify the unit root problem.In order to obtain stated objectives, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing technique is used to find out long run (LR) associations.Statistical soundness of the specified models and estimated coefficients is checked by residual diagnostic tests and stability diagnostic tests. Variance inflation factor (VIF) is used to check multicollinearity. Results of all specified models, using ARDL technique, reveal robust long run relationship between dependent and explanatory variables, and adjustments of short deviations from equilibrium in the long- term. The long-run coefficients indicate that, in the long run, trade v liberalization (TL) has statistically significant positive impact on HDI (with and without income component) in all specifications. Based on findings, the study supported broader or ‘globalist’ argument for positive impact of trade liberalization on non-income development indicators via income as well as without income component. The results of FDI-HDI models advocate long run relationship between dependent and independent variables in the models. Estimated coefficients illustrate positive and statistically significant impact of FDI on development indicators in the SR and LR. FDI has positive impact on HDI with income and excluding income component. This depicts that FDI influences non-income development indicators by means of income as well as without income component just like trade. Control variable, real GDP has significant positive impact on HDI in both short and long run, whereas, inflation as proxy of macroeconomic stability, exerted negative impact particularly in the short run. When the people are considered a long-lasting real wealth of a country, then economic development must be sustainable. Environment sustainability is one of the key factors to secure quality of life for current and future generations. Debate over the impacts of trade liberalization and FDI on economic development cannot be settled until we get a wellfounded understanding of how trade and FDI affect environment quality in a developing country. Accordingly, for the impact of trade and FDI on the sustainability of economic development in Pakistan, using carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as proxy of environment quality (increase in CO2 harms environment quality), this study investigated trade, FDI and environment nexus. The results of Trade-CO2 and FDI-CO2 models disclose robust longterm relationship between dependent and explanatory variables, and adjustments of short deviations from equilibrium in the long-run.Findings of study endorse ‘pollution haven’ hypothesis in Pakistan, indicating that trade and FDI aggravate environment quality through carbon dioxide emissions. Results show that economic expansions and fossil fuel energy consumption (control variables) deteriorate environmental quality.Based on empirical results, study suggests that policy makers should have more trade and FDI friendly policies in conjunction with growth enhancing and macroeconomic stability policies to achieve the dream task of developmental goals in Pakistan. Nevertheless, in context of empirical findings, the study implies that pursuing pro trade liberalization and vi foreign direct investment friendly strategies for economic expansion and development, professionals and government of Pakistan should also take care of environmentally sustainable economic development. Move towards sustainable economic development path will not occur overnight, but it is crucial if we are to secure long-term human focused economic development and make Pakistan economy resilient to dangers in future.
کاکا محمد اسمٰعیل مرحوم مدراسی ( مولوی ثناء اﷲ) کاکا اسمٰعیل صاحب مرحوم قوم ملت کی ان شخصیتوں میں تھے، جنھوں نے لاکھوں روپیہ کمایا اور لاکھوں قوم و ملت کی راہ میں صرف کیا، ہندوستان کے بہت سے مذہبی و قومی ادارے ان کی فیاضی سے سیراب ہوئے تھے، ایسے محسن قوم کے حالات سے دوسرے ارباب ثروت سبق حاصل کرسکتے ہیں۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی) علاقہ مدراس ضلع نارتھ آرکاٹ کا تاریخی مقام گڑھ آمبور کاکا محمد اسمٰعیل صاحب کا وطن تھا، آپ کے والد کاکا حاجی محمد عمر صاحب ایک دیندار بزرگ، دولتمند تاجر علماء کے عقیدت مند، فیاض اور غریب پرور تھے، دینی اور اصلاحی کاموں میں پیش پیش رہتے تھے، مدراس کی روشن کمپنی جو علم نوازی میں مشہور تھی اور اب بند ہوگئی آپ اس کے ایک رکن تھے، گڑھ آمبور سے متصل اپنے نام کی مناسبت سے عمرآباد نامی ایک گاؤں آباد کیا اور وہیں ایک اعلیٰ دینی درسگاہ و مدرسہ دارالسلام کے نام سے ۱۹۲۴ء میں قائم کی چند ہی سال بعد دسمبر ۱۹۲۷ء میں آپ کا انتقال ہوگیا، آپ کے بعد آپ کے فرزند اکبر کاکا محمد اسمٰعیل صاحب نے جملہ کاروبار کو نہایت خوبی سے سنبھالا، والد مرحوم کی جملہ خوبیوں کے علاوہ آپ میں اور بھی بہت سے کمالات تھے، علمی اور دینی خدمت کے جذبہ سے سرشار تھے، دولت کا بیشتر حصہ ملی و قومی کاموں میں خرچ کرتے تھے، صاحب دل مخلص، موحد اور متبع سنت تھے، متعدد علمی ادارے بذات خود چلارہے تھے، حسب ذیل ادارے آپ کی یادگار ہیں: ۱۔ جامعہ داراسلام عمر آباد: یہ ایک اعلیٰ دینی درس گاہ ہے جس طلباء کی تعداد سوسے متجاوز ہے، اس میں رہائش، خوراک اور درسی کتابوں کا انتظام بغیر کسی فیس کے مدرسہ کی طرف سے ہوتا ہے، اساتذہ کی تعداد گیارہ بارہ...
The basic characteristics and moral values of Islamic society include peace, harmony, brotherhood, equality, justice, respect and tolerance. Islam advises humans to spend their life according to the characteristics of Islamic society. The word ‘ethic’ brings harmony in the spiritual and physical attributes of a person. Islamic system preaches good moral values and indicates ways to avoid ill-mannered behavior. An individual with good moral values reflects good faith and blessings of Almighty Allah. But the studies show that Pakistani society and especially the youngsters are growing up without proper training & teachings about ethics and moral values. This research work aims to explain the need for ethical teachings in Islamic society. Quantitative method has been used in this study. Two hundred questionnaires have been filled by the three Universities’ students. The opinion of the students has been presented through SPSS in tabular forms and figures. According to this fieldwork, the majority of students had a lack of training related to ethical values from home to institutions, due to which we are facing ill-mannered behavior in Universities. This research work may be significant for its specific theme and research background; hence it can be used for the benefit of the policy makers, the scholars and the readers at large.
Enzymes are the biological macromolecules that speed up the conversion of substrates into products by lower the activation energy of the reacting species. Protein hydrolyzing enzymes (proteases) consist of the major assembly of enzymes being used in industry with a diversity of applications in the food, detergents, leather and meat industries. Due to increasing industrial demands, interest has been growing in microbial proteases for application in different commercial scale processes. Thus, there is need to explore new sources of alkaline proteases. The aim of this research was to identify potential protease producers. Out of six microbial strains Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus flavus were found to be the best producers of protease. To enhance the production of proteases by selected strains, different physical parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, inoculum size and fermentation time, were optimized by applying response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite design (CCD). Similary, nutritional parameters such as carbon and nitrogen source were also optimized and the influence of C:N ratio and metal ions on the yield of proteases, were also determined. The proteases obtained were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by dialysis, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography methods. The purified proteases were immobilized by synthesizing cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and by optimizing the different parameters for CLEAs formation by RSM under CCD. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) of CLEAs were performed for the presence of protease in CLEAs. Free protease and CLEAs were compared by determining the effect of substrate (casein) concentration, pH and temperature. Free and CLEAs of proteases were used for industrial applications. Concerning industrial applications, alkaline proteases efficiently remove blood stain from fabric, remove the gelatin layer from used X-ray film, degrade animal bones protein, clot milk and dehair animal hides.