Home > Impact of Vegetable Production Through Hydroponics Technology on Agricultural Development and Trade in Pakistan a Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Impact of Vegetable Production Through Hydroponics Technology on Agricultural Development and Trade in Pakistan a Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Pakistan is endowed with enormous agricultural resources for production of vegetables. The productivity of vegetable is stagnant from decades in the country. Improving productivity leads to food security. Vegetables constitute major element of human diet globally. Among vegetables tomato is important for its use in human diet. Average yield of tomato was 9.17 ton/ha in 1985, which slightly increased to 9.6 ton/ha in 2016 as against world average of 24.22 to 34.53 ton/ha. during the same period. Gap between demand and supply of tomato is increasing forcing Pakistan to import tomato since 2003. The present study was designed to address the issue of productivity stagnation through hydroponics technology and harvesting the fruit of globalization through exporting vegetables to the food deficit regions. The study constitutes primary and secondary data and Global trade analysis project (GTAP) database. Primary data was collected from hydroponics firm for fifty seven months on productivity, cost, revenue and trade parameters. Secondary data of agriculture input and output was collected from secondary sources. For CGE modeling GTAP database version 9 was used as a tool to analyze impact of changes in productivity on macroeconomic factors. GTAP version 9 included 140 regions 57 commodities and 8 factors of production. These factors are aggregated to analyze global effects of productivity improvement through hydroponics technology in Pakistan. Three scenarios I, II and III were built with productivity shock of 25 percent, 50 percent and 50 percent coupled with tariff free regime with importing country and relaxing tariff on importing hydroponics inputs. Results indicated that production of tomato is rising by 5.41 percent per annum and demands by 6.27 percent per annum from last many decades in Pakistan. The gap in demand and supply of tomato was fulfilled by importing tomato which is growing by 17 percent per annum since 2003, ultimately posing substantial burden on foreign reserves of the country. Average productivity of tomato in hydroponics was found to be 162±6.6 ton per hectare from 2009 to 2013 in Pakistan. The technology has been characterized for input use, output and trade potential in Pakistan. Cost benefit analysis of commercial hydroponics at two hectares was found to be positive. Return from hydroponics increased significantly by use of family labour. Small value of domestic resource cost indicate the comparative vi advantage of Pakistan in the production of hydroponics. Breakeven volume of hydroponics firm was found to be 150 ton. Labour cost and supply chain management cost of hydroponics was found to be significantly affecting total value product of hydroponics. Results of secondary data analysis using ARDL model revealed that seed, water, credit, tractor and fertilizer have both long run and short run relationship with area under vegetables in Pakistan. Global trade analysis indicated that simulation II and III has significantly contributed in improving macroeconomic indicators like real GDP, real export, real import, real investment, terms of trade, rental rate of return in Pakistan. Local prices of fruits and vegetables were decreased due to these simulations explaining consumer welfare in the country. On the basis of this, global horticultural productivity improvement model is proposed for Pakistan which would help the developing countries to solve the problem of productivity stagnation in the country and earning foreign exchange through export promotion (ultimate target of Strategic Trade Policy Framework of the Government of Pakistan).
پیپلز پارٹی کا یہ جیالہ 1957ء کو بھکر میں پیدا ہو ا۔وہ فلموں کا شوقین تھا اور ایکٹر گلوکار بننا چاہتا تھا 1977میں بارہویں کلاس کا طالب علم تھا ۔روزگار کی تلاش میں مشرق وسطی جا نا چاہتا تھا ۔ دبئی جانے کے لیے اس کے کاغذات مکمل تھے ۔اسی دوران ان کی ملاقات راشد ناگی سے ہو ئی ۔ 1978ء میں ضیاء آمریت کی طرف راشد ناگی کے کہنے پر خود کو آگ لگا دی ۔تاہم لوگوں نے اسے بچالیا۔ناگی نے اسے ہسپتال سے اٹھا کر جیل پہنچا دیا ۔جہاں اس کا آدھا بدن جل چکا تھا ۔ 1983ء میں ظہور الہی قتل کیس میں 26سال کی عمر میں پھانسی ہو گئی ۔جب اسے پھانسی دینے کے لیے لے جا یا جا رہا تھا تو ایک ٹانگ پر رقص کرتے ہوئے بھٹو کے نعرے لگا تا پھانسی گھاٹ پر پہنچا ۔
Sustainable development is considered as or can be one of the ways in achievement, progress, and benefit for organizations. Organizations use and utilize this source to require a system on which they can rely upon and keeping in mind the end goal to recognize openings and associated risks and to make, realize, control, and upgrade the sustainable goals of corporations which to be both progressively viable (for themselves and the overall population) and increasingly productive in terms of monetary. Based on the content analysis and literature review, this paper review and proposed the conceptual framework on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its effect on Organizational Performance of Pakistan’s retail banks. It is conceptual type of research which possesses four hypotheses, first Independent Variable is CSR and Four Dependent Variables such as, Organizational Performance (OP), Financial Performance (FP), Employee Commitment (OC) and Organizational Reputation (OR) and these are not proven in this research. This paper suggests that by initiating the practices of corporate social responsibility can improve the performance of the organization and also increase its financial position, commitment level of the employees and improve the overall reputation or the company. Different literature suggests that this research could be done with primary as well as secondary sources sometimes the researchers have used mixed form of methodologies, this study is based on secondary data using internet which is one of the powerful tools to generate the data. Researchers conclude and give some suggestions for the future research work with the discussion on previous literature review.
Calcium carbide is well known as a nitrification inhibitor and its role as a source of ethylene (C2H4), a potent plant growth regulator, is not thoroughly investigated. Laboratory, pot and field studies were conducted, in a sequence, up to 4 years to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium carbide (CaC2) on nitrogen use efficiency, growth and yield of wheat. First and 2nd experiments were conducted to assess the best rate and time of application of encapsulated calcium carbide (ECC) regarding plant growth and yield parameters of wheat. It was found that ECC @ 22.5 mg kg-1 soil, applied 2 weeks after sowing performed the best of all other rates and times of application of ECC in improving economical yield of wheat. In the 3rd experiment CaC2 coated with bee wax, paraffin wax and black enamel paint and matrices (prepared with polyethylene) was used to slow release the gases. Release of acetylene and ethylene from these calcium carbide based formulations and their impact on nitrification process in the soil environment under laboratory conditions was studied. It was noted that matrix-I (containing 21 % CaC2) not only performed as the best and sustainable source of acetylene and ethylene in the soil but also inhibited nitrification process better than other formulations. Calcium carbide based formulations were also compared in pot studies regarding their effect on wheat seed germination and growth and yield parameters of wheat. Matrix-I benefited the wheat crop to the maximum, followed by matrix-II and paint coated calcium carbide. Two further pot experiments were conducted to know the best rate and application depth of matrix-I formulated calcium carbide with and with out nitrogen fertilizer application. It is evident from the results that matrix-I not only improved growth and yield parameters of wheat but also enhanced N uptake by different plant parts of wheat when applied @ 15 mg CaC2 kg-1 soil at 8 cm soil depth. It was further noted that matrix-I better improved N use efficiency when applied with half recommended dose of N fertilizer than that of with full recommended N fertilizer rate. Two years field experimentation confirmed the results of pot studies. Under field condition CaC2 based formulations not only improved wheat growth and yield parameters but also reduced lodging of a lodging susceptible wheat variety Bhakhar-2002. Overall results suggest that application of calcium carbide increased grain yield more than 30 % by improving yield contributing factors and N use efficiency.