This study analyses the spatio-temporal impact of built environment on surface and groundwater in district Peshawar, Pakistan. The population of district Peshawar has increased from 0.556 million in 1981 to 4.269 million in 2017. Similarly, the built-up area also increased from 3.7 % in 1981 to 16.27 % in 2014 and the projected figure is 22 % by 2030. In the study area, water supply system is fetched almost exclusively from groundwater with over 1400 public and more than 3000 private tube wells, dug wells and hand pumps. In order to achieve the study objectives, data were collected from various sources. For analysis of groundwater status, data were collected from all the union councils (UCs). However, for detailed analysis, eleven union councils were selected from six drainage basins within the district. Parallel to this, 140 tube wells were selected randomly for detailed and intensive analysis of stratigraphy and groundwater. In addition, individual household survey and Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders were conducted in the sample UCs. Structured interviews were also conducted with the officials of the concerned line agencies to cross check and validate the results. Secondary data were acquired from Public Health Engineering Department, Water and Sanitation Services Peshawar, Provincial Irrigation and Drainage Authority, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Soil Survey of Pakistan, Pakistan Meteorology Department, Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Provincial Disaster Management Authority, Population Census Organization and Peshawar Development Authority. Multi-spectral Landsat images of 1981 and 1991 were acquired from open source, whereas SPOT images for the year 2009 and 2014 were obtained from SUPARCO and the same were spatiotemporally analyzed for land use land cover classification and mapping. To delineate watershed of rivers and streams, SRTM images were used. The spatial databases were developed in ArcGIS and ERADAS imagine. Curve Number (CN) techniques and models were used for surface runoff and volume calculation. All the six drainage basins were delineated and the watersheds within the district were marked as the urban drainage basins. The analysis revealed that natural groundcover has been gradually replaced by Impervious Surface Cover (ISC) and this steady change is mainly at the cost of consuming fertile agricultural land. In district Peshawar, socio-economic, infrastructural and physical developments are the major intervening factors of land take and surface cover changes. The analysis further revealed that the urban watersheds of rivers and streams have recorded remarkable growth and expansion in term of built environment. This continuous increase in ISC within the urban drainage basins of rivers and streams have further escalated surface runoff and reduced infiltration, seepage and percolation to groundwater. Consequently, in district Peshawar the frequency and intensity of urban and riverine floods have been increased and expected to aggravate in future. Average daily demand of fresh water has been increased from 56 million liters per day (ml/day) in 1981 to 213 ml/day in 2017 which will further rise to 310 ml/day by 2030. The analysis also revealed that the fresh water sources are under constant pressure. Increased rate of extraction from groundwater will have serious implications and can lead to urban drought. The multiplication of soil sealing in the form of built-up areas have halted the aquifers recharge and posed a potential threat to fresh water sources. It was also calculated that the recharge rate through rainwater has been reduced from 108.75 mm/year in 1981 to 91.35 mm/year in 2014, whereas the groundwater discharge is 105 mm/year. This indicates that the rate of groundwater discharge is more than the recharge, which clearly indicate the groundwater depletion especially in the corporation limits. Analysis further reveals that in old city, a number of tube wells have been dried up and deep drilling has been done for the extraction of fresh water. This calls upon the decision-makers to supply fresh water from the rivers, to minimize pressure on the existing groundwater sources and to check the unprecedented conversion of natural ground into impermeable land covers.
پروفیسر حافظ محمود خاں شیرانی دوسرا حادثۂ وفات پروفیسر حافظ محمود خاں شیرانی کاہے جوفروری کی آخری تاریخوں میں پیش آیا۔ مرحوم فارسی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں کی شعروشاعری اور تاریخ ادب کے نامور محقق اور فاضل تھے۔ذکاوت وفطانت کے ساتھ قوتِ حافظہ غیر معمولی تھی۔قرآن مجید کے حافظ تھے ہی۔فردوسی کاشاہنامہ بھی انھیں ازبر یادتھا۔یورپ میں ایک مدت تک رہ چکے تھے اور وہاں کے نامور مستشرقین سے روابط رکھتے تھے۔ عربی اور فارسی اور اردو کی قلمی کتابوں اور مختلف قدیم اسلامی سلطنتوں کے سکوں کوجمع کرنے کابڑا شوق تھا اوروہ علمی تحقیق وجستجو کے میدان میں ان سے خاطر خواہ فائدہ اٹھاتے تھے ۔فارسی اوراردو زبان کے شعراء کے مطبوعہ اورغیر مطبوعہ تذکروں اوران کے مجموعہ ہائے کلام پر ان کی نظر بہت گہری اور وسیع تھی۔اس کے علاوہ اسلامی تاریخ اورعلمِ عروض میں بھی بڑا درک رکھتے تھے۔۱۹۲۰ء میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی میں اردو کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے۔بیس سال تک اس خدمت پرمامور رہنے کے بعد ۴۰ء میں اس سے سبکدوش ہوکر اپنے وطن ٹونک میں خانہ نشین ہوگئے۔اس مدت میں آپ نے بحیثیت نقاد ہندوستان کے علمی اورادبی حلقوں میں غیر معمولی شہرت پائی۔اس شہرت کاآغاز اس مقالہ سے ہوا جو ’’تنقید شعرالعجم‘‘ کے نام سے انجمن ترقی اردو کے سہ ماہی رسالہ ’’اردو‘‘ میں کئی سال تک مسلسل نکلتا رہاتھا۔اورجواب اسی نام سے کتابی شکل میں چھاپ دیاگیا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ ’’آب حیات‘‘ (آزاد) ’’ہندوستان میں مغلوں سے قبل فارسی‘‘، ’’رباعی کے اوزان‘‘ وغیرہ پر جو آپ کے تنقیدی مقالات اورینٹل کالج میگزین لاہور اوردوسرے رسائل میں شائع ہوچکے ہیں ان میں سے ہر ایک مقالہ معلومات اورتحقیق و ژرف نگاہی کے اعتبارسے فارسی اور اردو ادبیات کے طالب علم کے لیے انمول موتیوں کاایک خزانہ ہے۔مستقل تصنیفات میں ’’پنجاب میں اردو‘‘، ’’فرودسی پرچار مقالے‘‘، ’’پرتھی راج راسا‘‘اور ’’خالق باری‘‘ آپ کی...
Sūrah al Fātiḥa it is a short Sūrah, yet full of facts and meanings, sweat and heart provoking. This Sūrah is the title of the Qur‘ān and the whole Qur‘ān is its explanation. The fundamental objectives of Qur‘ān, faith and good deeds have been explained in this Sūrah. That is why this Sūrah is also proclaimed as “Umm al Kitāb” and “Umm al Qur‘ān”. Its Scripture is related to worship and help. The worship proceeds to seeking help. The word worship has three meanings: devotion, slavery and submission. Allah Almighty, time and again, ordered towards His submission and worship in the Holy Qur‘ān. It is the esteem of worship on which Allah has honored His Prophet. He is the real Lord and all blessings and powers are for Him. He is Lord of lives and we should have trust in Him and seek help from Him. The separation, individuality and solitude are prohibited in Islam. The verses of Sūrah al Fātiḥa (و ایاک نستعین ایاک نعبد) gives the massage of congregation which is the solution of disturbance and riot. Who so ever wants to go paradise, should have attach to the Ummah.
This Participatory Action Research (PAR) was an attempt to facilitate educational leaders in developmental Emotional Intelligence (EI) and practicing it in their context by facilitating and enhancing the dynamics of their emotional energy. Four departmental heads (Managers) in an educational organization in Karachi, Pakistan, were engaged as participants in this action research. Research consisted of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection as a cyclic process. This research has given me a deeper and richer understanding of how adults feel and a fresh appreciation for them. It has helped me, as a leader, educator, facilitator and researcher, to be more empathetic, self-aware, and self-motivated, and a socially-skilled well being, and to be in change of my emotions. There were some facilitating factors which helped me and research participants (RPs) in EI enhancement in the duration of this participatory action research. First of all, emotional literacy, EI awareness and knowledge from literature are crucial to increase emotional energy. Relevant reading materials, presentations and discussions with real examples were helping factors for developing emotional intelligence. Overall achievements in the post-self evaluation designate a heartening message to the research participants and research facilitator, as their scores on various sub-components of EI moved up considerably. Secondly, self-evaluation checklists were representing the participants' real self actual (as triangulated through other data sources). This research study revealed that EI can be learnt gradually through regular practicing and reflecting on daily experiences, giving and receiving feedback frankly, self-talk, reading other's faces and empathy, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of oneself and of others, and creating a positive emotional environment. Moreover, EI is more than IQ for life success, and it helps in becoming effective leaders. It can be developed through different ways and strategies, for instance, by enhancing real self-awareness, managing emotions in an appropriate way, increasing social skills and motivation.