This study is conceptualized on Full Range Leadership Theory (Bass & Avolio, 2006) which comprises of three leadership styles that includes transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership. It aims to investigate the impact of these leadership styles of heads of departments from a number of universities on personal related outcome (i.e. well-being) and job related outcomes (i.e. job satisfaction, job stress, organizational commitment, turnover intentions and 13 innovative work behavior) of their subordinate teaching staff (including lecturers, assistant professors, associate professors, and professors). The study also aimed to investigate the mediating role of job outcomes between leadership styles and well-being and the moderating role of job stress between laissez-faire leadership and organizational outcomes. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass & Avolio, 1990), Job satisfaction Scale (Guimaraes & Igbaria, 1992), Organizational Commitment Scale (Mowday, Porter, & Stear, 1982), Turnover Intention Scale (Seashore, Lawler, Mirvis, & Cammann, 1982), Innovative Work Behavior Scale (Jenesson (2000), job stress (Parker & De Cottis, 1983) and Warwick-Edinburg Mental WellBeing Scale (Tennant et al., 2007) were used in data collection. Sample comprised of 756 teachers (including 156 Head of Departments and 600 subordinates) based on purposive sampling technique. The present study was comprised of two phases. Phase-I was basically a pilot study carried out to establish psychometric properties of scales and questionnaires intended to be used in the main study. Phase-II was basically the main study. Initially, the normality of data was ensured, and then reliability and validity were established. All the scales have alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .90, zero-order correlation was developed in the desired directions for addressing the construct validity issues. The normal distribution of data was confirmed with the values of kurtosis and skewness. Most of the findings of the phase-II were in the line of hypothesized assumptions. Results of Multiple Regression analysis demonstrated that transformational leadership style positively predicted well-being, job satisfaction and innovative work behavior. Laissez-faire and transactional leadership styles were predicted job stress. Laissez-faire leadership style negatively predicted organizational commitment. Transformational leadership style negatively predicted whereas transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles positively predicted turnover intentions of university teachers. Hierarchical regression analysis confirmed the mediating effect of work-related attitudes (job satisfaction, job commitment, turnover intentions and innovative work behavior) between leadership styles (transformat ional 14 and transactional) and well-being of teachers. However, work-related attitudes partially mediated. Analysis of Hierarchical Regression also confirmed that job stress significantly moderated the relationship between perceived laissez-faire leadership style and two outcomes including turnover intention and organizational commitment. Discussion of the key research findings and some directions for the future research were also provided. Important implementations of the present study in the field of organizational psychology were also discussed.
زمانُ الصفاء مضی وتلاشی مع الذکریات وھا نحن مختصمان وجاء زمانُ الصراع فلا لطفَ لا بسمات ولا دفقۃٌ من حنان
وھا نحنُ مختصمان دفنّا ا لوئام وراء التوتر في قعر ألفاظنا الباردہ ولم نبقِ کأساً ولا منھلاً([2] ) للغرام ولم نُبق عشاً لأحلامنا الساھدہ([3] )
وھا نحنُ نکشف عمّا انطوی بأعماق أنفسنا من عیوبٍ جمیلہ ویدرکُ کلّ بأنّ الھَوی طَوَی ما طوی من معا یبنا المترفات الأصیلة ولم یُبقِ إلا محاسننا الفجّۃ([4]) المستحیلة
وھا نحنُ نعرفُ أبعادنا الشاسعة وما امتدّ في عمقھا من خشونة وکیف ملکنا عیوباً منوّعۃً رائعۃ تخبّیء أو جُھھا خلف ستر الرضی واللیونة وخلف الوداعۃ خلف السکینة وفي لحظات الصفاء لمسنا شذانا الرصینا([5] ) وذقنا محاسننا السمحۃ المنعمة وذاک الطِلاءٖ الذي لفّ أعماقنا المبھمة وغطّی الحماقۃ والضعف فینا
وفي لحظات الحنین ھوینا بساطتنا وعشقنا العذوبة وھنا نحن نعشقُ ما تخلقُ الادمیۃ فینا ونلمسُ أعماقنا الشاسعات الرھیبة وما في حماقتنا من جمالِ شذٍ وخصوبة
وکنا عشقنا انبثاق الحرارۃ في مقلتینا([6]) فدعنا نحبّ النصوب([7] ) وکنا ھوینا التورّد والشعر في شفتینا فلم لا نحبّ الشحوب([8] ) ولم لا نخلّف رکناً من المقت([9] ) بین یدینا؟
وکنا عبدنا الصداقۃ بین المحاسن فینا فدعنا نقیم أسس الحبّ والودّ بین العیوب وأفسح مکاناً لبعض الحماقات بعضِ الذنوب ودعنا نکنُ بشراً طافحین نفیضُ جنونا وننضح([10]) ضحکاً ودمعاً سخینا
This study aims to find the values of social educational contained in the Qur'an. This research is a qualitative research in the form of library research. The focus of the verse is the object and source of primary data of this study, namely various commentaries that explain Surah at-Taubah verses 71-72. While secondary data sources of research is various literatut that are relevant to the subject matter of discussion. To answer the discussion of the research, the writer uses the method of interpretation maudhu'i (thematic). This study concludes that the values of humanistic social education contained in the letter at-Taubah verses 71-72 include attitudes of helping to help, an invitation to the good and preventing munkar, social solidarity, brotherhood. These values can be a spirit of social education in forming empathy, mutual care, protection, tolerance and high social solidarity. The four values of social education can be actualized in the context of the planting of social education in children through various things, among others, the cultivation of a noble mentality in children can be realized in the planting of brotherly values and help children. Furthermore, the cultivation of a spirit of attention to the rights of others and a commitment to social ethics can be realized through the inculcation of the value of social solidarity. Then, inculcation of critical and social supervision can be realized by instilling the value of amar makruf nahi munkar.
Oxidation is the major cause of the broiler meat quality deterioration which can cause detrimental changes in the meat. Oxidative products losses flavor causing rancid flavor, change in color and texture, fatty acids and vitamin losses, produces toxins, causes growth retardation, causes heart diseases and economical loss of the product. Oxidative rancidity is the major cause of food spoilage for human consumption. It is responsible for loss of flavor, nutrition value, mouth feel and appearance of the food. Citrus waste contains valuable phytochemicals which can be used in the broiler meat ration as a source of natural antioxidant. The objective of study was to utilize citrus waste after juice extraction in the broiler ration and assess antioxidant potential of citrus phytochemicals. Citrus waste from juice processing plant was dried and incorporated in the feed of the broiler @ 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and were fed to broiler chicks. Birds were slaughtered at the age of 42 day by following halal slaughtering method. The blood of birds was analyzed for antioxidants enzymes and observed that citrus waste has positive effect on serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The meat of experimental birds was analyzed for pH, color, and antioxidant potential. The pH showed significant increase with increase in citrus waste supplementation and progression of storage period while color values showed a reduction. The antioxidant potential of meat increased as evident from TPC, TBARS, DPPH and ABTS but storage have negative effects for these parameters. However the broiler meat which was reared on the higher level of citrus waste supplementation showed good keeping quality during storage, than the control meat. The product (nuggets) made with the broiler meat reared on higher level of antioxidants also has good antioxidant potential. The results of the bio evaluation showed that the albino rats fed on the feed incorporated with the meat with higher level of antioxidants from citrus waste showed decrease in total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, triglycerides in rats and increase of high density lipoproteins. In conclusion, citrus waste had positive effect on broiler blood antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants potential of broiler meat.