Pakistan is a Federation where powers are distributed between the Federal Government and Governments of the Provinces. The Federal Government has the authority to deal with implementation of international environmental conventions. The Federal Government, while exercising the said authority, has ratified a number of international environmental conventions. In 2010, an Amendment was made to the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, whereby, the subject of environment, pollution and ecology were transferred to the Provinces. This situation gave rise to fundamental questions relating to the competence of the Federal Government to implement obligations under international environmental conventions ratified from time to time. The fundamental questions include the questions as to how the Federal Government will make compliance of international environmental conventions where the subjects of environment fall within the Provincial Jurisdiction, what is nature of relationship between the Federal and the Provincial Governments in the context of environment, have the laws of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa been modified in accordance with the international environmental conventions, and what is the structure of governance in environmental matters. These questions are analyzed in the thesis with reference to international environmental conventions, national policies and plans, the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, and statutory laws of the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The thesis contains seven Chapters. Chapter 1 is about introduction of the thesis where the issue is formulated along with identification of research question, justification of the study, objectives and methodology. Chapter 2 identifies various international environmental conventions which have been ratified by the Federal Government. The nature of commitments of the international environmental conventions is discussed for the purpose of identification of the contents of such conventions. It is attempted to locate in this Chapter the contents of many of the international environmental conventions which fall within the Provincial jurisdictions for compliance by way of legislative and administrative measures. Chapter 3 discusses the Federal Government, and its relations with Provincial Government in light of the various constitutions of the country. In this Chapter the divisions of legislative powers between the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments are analyzed in the context of environmental obligations, particularly, the developments after Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973. The Chapter flags constitutional gaps between relations of Federal and Provincial Government in matters pertaining to implementation of international environmental conventions. Chapter 4 identifies and discusses laws on natural resources of the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as mostly, natural resources, for legislative and administrative purposes, are the domain of Provincial Governments. The laws on natural resources are found to have not been modified in accordance with international environmental conventions and the national policies on environmental subjects, where recommendations of administrative and legislative measures are provided by the Federal Government. Chapter 5 identifies and analyzes laws of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in different sectors relevant to environment. The laws on sectors relevant to environment are not amended to respond to international environmental conventions which are ratified by the Federal Government. This Chapter has also compared the environmental law of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the law of the Federal Government, and pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of the environmental law of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Chapter 6 discusses the governance and administrative structures given in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Paksitan, 1973, the Federal Rules of Business, 1973, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government Rules of Business, 1985, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2014, and statutory bodies mentioned in various laws of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa relevant to environment. It discovers gaps and overlaps in above referred laws in relation to environmental governance and management. Chapter 7, which is a concluding Chapter, gives findings of the thesis, and suggests recommendations for implementation of international environmental conventions in Provincial domains with reference to the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The recommendations include amendments in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973, modifications in the laws on governance, and reconsideration of laws of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for assimilation of international environmental conventions.
ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب قادری ( شمس بدایونی ) ڈاکٹر محمد ایوب قادری سے میری دیرینہ ملاقات تھی، جب جب کراچی جانے کا موقع ملا، وہ بہت ہی عزیزانہ طور پر ملے، ہر ملاقات میں پہلے سے زیادہ اپنی بھلمنساہت، شرافتِ طبع، عجز اور انکسار کا ثبوت دیتے، بہت سی کتابوں کے مصنف ہوئے، جیسا کہ حسب ذیل مضمون سے ظاہر ہوگا، ان کے قلم میں بڑی برق وشی تھی، کسی کتاب کو لکھنا یا ترجمہ کرنا شروع کرتے تو بڑی کم مدت میں یہ کام ختم کردیتے، وہ جس بلند مرتبہ کے مصنف تھے، اپنے عجز و انکسار کی بدولت اس سے اپنے کو کم ہی ظاہر کرتے، وہ اپنی ہر کتاب دارالمصنفین ضرور بھیجتے اور اس کو یہ راقم شوق سے پڑھتا، جب انھوں نے کراچی کے قیام میں شاہنواز خاں کی تصنیف مآثر الامراء کی تین جلدوں کے ترجمے ہدیہ کیے، تو یہ تینوں جلدیں میری میز پر برابر رہیں، اور جب کبھی ان میں سے کسی اقتباس کو اصل فارسی سے ملایا، تو ان کو ہر طرح صحیح، سلیس اور فصیح پایا، اس سے ترجمہ کرنے میں ان کی مہارت اور قدرت کا معترف ہوا، جب وہ طبقات اکبری کا ترجمہ کررہے تھے تو ان سے یہ گفتگو آئی کہ اکبرنامہ کا ترجمہ ایک انگریز نے انگریزی میں کردیا ہے، لیکن یہ بڑی ندامت اور شرم کی بات ہے کہ اب تک اس کا اردو میں ترجمہ نہیں ہوسکا، گویہ بہت مشکل کام ہے، لیکن جب اس کا ترجمہ انگریزی میں ہوسکتا ہے، تو کوئی وجہ نہیں کہ اردو میں نہ ہوسکے، جناب ایوب قادری صاحب نے کہا کہ طبقات اکبری کے ترجمہ کے بعد انشاء اﷲ اکبرنامہ کی جلدوں کا ترجمہ کرکے لوگوں کی ندامت کو دور کردوں گا، اس سے مجھ کو بڑی خوشی ہوئی، گزشتہ نومبر میں میرے قیام کراچی ہی...
Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enrol it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practised with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasingly gaining the interest of researchers over the last two decades. Most of the CSR research has been conducted at the macro level, therefore, leading journals in Management including Journal of Management, Personnel Psychology, Journal of Business Ethics, Group & Organization Management, Journal of Organizational Behavior are calling for micro-level research. It is not possible to capture CSR entirely without the understanding of CSR effects on employees. CSR literature suggests that this relationship is not direct and there must be some underlying mechanism that explains this path. Specifically, our research question is why, how and when employees react to CSR initiatives? The study of micro-foundations of CSR can help the business community in finding out the rationale for CSR investment and generation of positive behaviors. On the basis of Social Identity Theory and Social Exchange theory, we proposed that CSR can impact employees’ behaviors (task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, turnover intention and organizational deviance) through the serial mediation of organization pride and organizational identification while the desire to have a significant impact through work moderates pride-identification relationship. The study is a response to the calls of leading journals of the field. This is one of the few studies that provide a comprehensive model including the mediation and moderation to investigate the CSR and employees’ behavior relationship that is relatively missed in previous studies. The study is based on the data from Pakistan to provide the empirical evidence from developing countries contrary to the studies conducted in developed countries. The study contributes to CSR and organizational behavior literature by providing the insights through social identity and social exchange theory. The study is analytical and quantitative, conducted in a non-contrived setting with minimal interference of the researcher. Primary multi source (three sources) time lagged (four points in time) data of 187 employees working in a well-reputed organization due to its CSR activities is analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling. Findings suggest that employees who value CSR have the greater tendency to identify with the organization because they feel proud due to organizational membership. It is also found that the relationship between pride and identification is stronger for the employees with a higher level of desire to have a significant impact through work. Employees who are more identified with the organization are better in task performance and organizational citizenship behavior negating their intentions of turnover and organizational deviance. The study provides the implications for researchers for investigating the other potential mediators and moderators in micro CSR research. It also provides deep insights to understand the potential impact of pride and identification on other variables that can be associated with them. The study implies that CSR can help to reduce employee’s turnover intentions and deviance to a minimum level while increasing their in-role and extra-role performance. Organizations may find this suitable to consider while designing their strategies to improve the positive behaviors in the workforce.