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Home > Implications of the Socio-Cultural Milieu of the Society on Male Reproductive Health Behaviour in Punjab-Pakistan

Implications of the Socio-Cultural Milieu of the Society on Male Reproductive Health Behaviour in Punjab-Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Nawaz, Yasir

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Social sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1918

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724795374

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Introduction: In Pakistan, male involvement in reproductive health started long before the concept of a holistic approach emerged from ICPD in 1994. Men are far behind the knowledge about contraceptives, authority of decisions making, religiosity, exposure of media, health attitude, physical cost, Knowledge of HIV/STDs, drugs and family planning services. These circumstances have damaging-effect on men''s reproductive health as well. The poor reproductive health of men in the entire Pakistan has been reported in many studies. The different national and international agencies have shown a great concern on this alarming situation of men''s deteriorating reproductive health status. They have recommended to investigate the men reproductive health status in relation to different aspects. In this context the main objectives of this study is to identify and analyze different types of socio-cultural characteristics, affect the attitudes, lack of awareness of respondents toward reproductive health behaviour were examioned in Punjab-Pakistan. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in 3-districts of Punjab province. One tehsils from each district selected randomly and sample of 272 men from Tehsil-1 i.e. Rawalpindi, 197 from Tehsil-2 i.e. Bahawalpur and 131 from Tehsil-3 i.e. Toba Tek Singh. From each Tehsil equal no. of respondents was selected from rural and urban areas by random sampling technique to explore the research objectives. In this way the total sample size will be 600. 300 from rural and 300 from urban areas. A well-structured questionnaire consisting of open ended and close ended questions has been prepared in the light of research objectives. Pre-testing was also in the study plan to examine the work-ability of questionnaire and to know the sensitive issues which can be tackled intelligently. Results: Bi-variate and multivariate analyses were used to explore the relationship between different terms MRHB. The results regarding age, age at marriage, duration of marriage, communication with wife, fertility preference, discussion about reproductive health problems, general health status, Knowledge about Contraceptive, Contraceptive use behaviour, knowledge about HIV/STDs of the respondents and their reproductive health behaviour were having there strong relationship and communication of affairs with wife having no relation and in multivariate analysis were used to build model and respondents age at marriage, duration of marriage, education, income, communication with wives, drugs using were highly significant and age of the respondent, communication of affairs, ideal number of children in a family were non-significant with MRHB.. The value of adjusting R 2 is 0.660 and it indicates that about 66% variation in the dependent variable is explained by knowledge about contraceptive and use of contraceptive, communication with wives, drug use, reproductive health problems, general health, knowledge about HIV, Media exposure. Recommendations: Based on the research findings it is suggested that a general acceptance of contraceptive use, men along with women should be include in the target group as most of the decisions regarding family planning and contraception necessitate prior approval of male partners. Men shall be educate to give women all due rights especially their reproductive rights and involve them in reproductive and contraceptive decision making. Awareness should be created amongst male to give their women freedom of expression and let them join paid jobs, thereby making the family economically prosperous. Perceptions of the respondents were clear about family planning, awareness should be created against religious misconceptions and make it more convenient for the illiterates in the form of a packages deal. It would be more appropriate to tackle family planning campaign in the light of baby care and mother health along with strongly advocating improvement of economic conditions of the family. All income groups should be convinced to use contraceptives as an effective tool for family planning, more stress should be given on low and medium income groups, discourage the preferential gender treatment and involved their wives in all family matters. Primary health center (PHC) programs must be geared to meet men’s needs. Communication between spouses about RH should be developed through awareness. PHC service providers are mostly female, males should be inducted.
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مشاريع العمل عن بعد ودورها في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة

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A Specification-Based Distributed Intrusion Detection Framework for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have a great potential to assist in storing and processing data collected from tiny sensors placed in various environments such as smart homes, vehicles, hospitals, enemy surveillance areas, volcanoes, oceans, etc. The sensors may be implanted to inspect the physical aspects of the external environment such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, motion, magnetic fields, light, sound, gravity, vibration, electrical fields, and others or inspect the physical aspects of the internal environments such as motion of the organism, glucose level, oxygen level and others. The data recorded by these sensors can further be used for several applications as well as services. Here, the data is acquired from sensors through the wireless medium. Recent studies show that WSNs are vulnerable to various kinds of security threats and there is a requirement of a security solution that can safeguard them from lethal attacks. Several security schemes have been proposed in the recent past to counter the attacks launched at different layers of WSNs. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) focus on the detection of malicious activity at the network layer. Most of the proposed IDS based security approaches for WSNs lack completeness with respect to data acquisition, detection policy and the way actions should be taken once the malicious behavior is detected. Further, they lack the proper testing of the proposed schemes with respect to the performance metrics such as energy consumption, throughput, false positive rate, intrusion detection rate, and accuracy etc. Hence, there is a requirement of a purely distributed security scheme that works independently and communicates the anomalous behavior of sensor nodes with the base station (BS). The scheme should be lightweight and is able to perform efficiently with respect to energy efficiency and throughput. Moreover, it should be able to achieve low false positive rate and high detection rate. In this thesis, a novel intrusion detection framework is proposed for securing WSNs from routing attacks. The proposed system works in a distributed environment to detect intrusions by collaborating with the neighboring nodes. It works in two modes: online prevention allows safeguarding from those abnormal nodes that are already declared as malicious, while offline detection finds those nodes that are being compromised by an adversary during the next epoch of time. The proposed framework is a specification-based detection framework that works for a flat WSN scenario. To test the performance of the proposed framework, a simulator is implemented, and results are produced. The results show that a centralized distributed approach cannot properly figure out the actual condition of the network. Therefore, a purely distributed security system is more appropriate for WSNs. The results also show that the specification-based detection scheme achieves higher detection rate and low false positive rate. These results also guide that each node should be treated independently in WSNs, and centralized distributed detection schemes may fail to identify the network behavior whether it is normal or is under any attack. As a second contribution, the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol for WSNs is modified by adding the functionality of the proposed intrusion detection framework to secure it from sink-hole, black-hole, and selective forwarding attacks. The modified protocol is called LEACH++. We performed two types of analyses: (1) numerical analysis to check the effect on vi throughput and energy, and (2) simulations in Network Simulator-2 (NS-2) to prove the results found from the numerical analysis. The results are quite promising and favor LEACH++ over LEACH under attack with respect to throughput and energy consumption. The third contribution is to perform a security analysis of the LEACH++ protocol to validate the proposed specification-based detection scheme with respect to accuracy, false positive rate, and detection rate. For this purpose, we simulate LEACH++ by launching various numbers of attacks in different patterns for different configurations. The experiments are carried out against the LEACH++ protocol for black hole and sinkhole attacks in different patterns. The results show that the proposed scheme achieves high accuracy and detection rate for LEACH++ and shows very low false positive rate.