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Improvement of Heat Tolerance Potential in Chilli Genotypes Through Exogenous Application of Glycine Betaine

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Tanveer

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Horticulture

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12683/1/Tanveer%20Hussain_Horticulture_2018_UAF_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724796930

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Chillies (Capsicum spp.) are the second largely consumed vegetable in the world and belong to the family Solanaceae, also known as the night-shade family. Chillies require 20- 30 °C optimum day temperatures for growth and development, usually growth is retarded under below 15°C or increase above 32°C temperature. Various stages of Chilli plant are affected by high temperature which leads to economic yield losses in fruit production. The present study was designed with four experiments to evaluate the various morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes that can be used for evaluation of heat tolerance potential in chilli genotypes. Research was conducted in growth room of mushroom lab at Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. In the 1st experiment, comparative performance of 25 chilli genotypes was observed under high temperature stress (40/32°C day and night, controlled conditions). Various morphological attributes were recorded and showed significant differences among genotypes. All the genotypes were categorized according to their performance under high temperature stress. Out of 25 genotypes, two genotypes C-37 and uk-101 were found to be most heat tolerant while other two genotypes H-13 and Jawala were found to be most heat sensitive. These four chilli genotypes (heat tolerant and sensitive) were used for further investigations. While in the 2nd experiment 4 chilli genotypes (two tolerant and two sensitive screened out from 1st experiment) were selected for further investigations under high temperature (40/32ºC day and night temperature) in growth room. Different morphological, physiological parameters, water relation attributes and biochemical attributes were recorded. In this study tolerant genotypes C-37 and uk-101 showed better performance as compared with heat sensitive genotypes (H-13 and Jawala) under high temperature stress. In the 3rd experiment, same 4 chilli genotypes, two tolerant (C-37 and Uk-101) and two sensitive (H-13 and jawala) screened out in Experiment # 1 were selected and sprayed with different levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20mM) of glycine betaine at the seedling stage under high temperature stress (40/32ºC day and night temperature) in growth room (controlled conditions). Present research was designed to find the role of glycine betaine in inducing the heat tolerance in chilli genotypes and also find the best glycine betaine dose that is more useful under high temperature conditions. Different attributes of chilli genotypes were recorded. Results revealed that glycine betaine application @15mM is best for enhancing the heat tolerance potential of chilli genotypes. Fourth experiment is a further study of experiment #3 in which optimized dose (@ 15mM) of glycine beatine was used on chilli genotypes to check the deleterious effect of high temperature stress (40/32ºC day and night temperature). Different morphological, physiological attributes, water relation attributes, biochemical parameters and yield parameters were recorded. It was observed that exogenously applied optimized dose (@ 15mM) of glycine betaine exhibited significant effects on all the chilli genotypes as well as improved the yield by improving heat tolerance potential of genotypes under high temperature stress. It can be concluded from the present research, indentified heat tolerant chillli genotypes are helpful in extending growth period of chillies. The optimized dose (@ 15mM) of glycine betaine has also proved effective in extending the growth period of chilli by enhancing the heat tolerance potential under high temperature stress.
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محمد خان وامق

عہد اورنگ زیب کے محمد خان وامق سیالکوٹ کے پہلے اردو شاعر ہیں۔ وہ اپنے وقت کے اہم شاعر تھے۔ وامق وڈہرہ قوم کے کھتری تھے اور ان کو مسلمان کرنے کا فخر اس وقت کے جید عالم مولانا عبد اﷲچلپئی کو تھا جنہوں نے ان کا نام محمد خان رکھا۔ اشفاق نیاز تاریخِ سیالکوٹ میں آپ کے بارے رقمطراز ہیں:

آپ نہ صرف اعلی درجے کے شاعر تھے بلکہ ایک انشا پرداز بھی تھے اور یہی شہرت اور قابلیت انہیں دربارِ عالمگیر تک لے گئی۔ بادشاہ ان کا بہت قائل تھا بعد میں بادشاہ نے ان کے فن و ادب کی قدر کرتے ہوئے انہیں اخلاص خاں کے اعلیٰ خطاب سے سرفراز بھی فرمایا۔ آپ صاحبِ دیوان بھی تھے۔ اردو اور فارسی میں شاعری کرتے تھے مگر افسوس کہ باوجود سعی بسیار کے کلام مفقود ہے۔ (۱)

راقم الحروف بھی کوشش کے باوجود ان کا اردو کلام دریافت نہیں کر سکا۔تاریخِ سیالکوٹ کے مطابق آپ نے محمد شاہ کے عہد ۱۷۶۶ء میں سیالکوٹ میں وفات پائی۔(۲)

 

۱۔اشفاق نیاز‘ ’’تاریخِ سیالکوٹ‘‘ ‘ سیالکوٹ‘ سیالکوٹ ایڈورٹائزرز ‘ ۲۰۰۹ء، ص : ۲۹۳

۲۔           ایضاً‘ ص: ۲۹۴

The Philosophical Perspective in Case of Jihad

Here are two opposing views of scholars and different religions regarding the permission or non-permission of war on the basis of honor and lawfulness of human life. The Hindus and Jews legalize war, whereas the Buddhists and Christians consider it illegal. Islam follows the middle path and attributes the legality of war to its purpose because only the purpose tells the righteousness or wrongfulness of any deed. Islam has prevented from all those purposes that eliminate the cause of Allah Almighty from war. Islam does not legalize war for any worldly purpose so the pursuit of fame, kingship, booty, conquering another land or national or personal revenge is not legal. Jihad has been enjoined for the elimination of hurdles in the path of Allah. It clarifies the policy of Islam that war is not an end but it is a means to an end. Today the west is doing propaganda against Islam that Islam spread through sword and the concept of jihad is being related to terrorism. The purposes of jihad should be kept in mind in order to understand the philosophy of jihad. The aim of this paper is to highlight the purposes of jihad and its importance. Views of various scholars have been observed in this study along with references from Quran and Hadith.

The Role of Genetics and Immune Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes mellitus affects millions of people worldwide especially in Asia, Africa and South America. It can cause many serious complications such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a terrible prospect to these patients which is diagnosed with the onset of microaneurysms, haemorrhages and development of cotton wool spots in the retina. Mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are not completely understood. Integrin α2β1 is a receptor for collagen on platelet cell membrane. Polymorphism in intron 7 of integrin gene produces change in α subunit and this makes retina vulnerable for platelet attachment during chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes. Earlier studies have established a relationship between variants of α2β1 gene and diabetic retinopathy in Japanese and Caucassions. Derangements of several cytokines and chemokines have been reported in diabetic retinopathy. There are many studies that evaluate the role of IL-6 in the development of ophthalmic complications but they determined the level of IL-6 in the vitreous fluid and majority of them have emphasized the involvement of this cytokine in the development of eye complications. Interleukin 6 increases vascular permeability and neovascularisation and attracts macrophages. A study was performed in Type-I diabetes mellitus to determine its role in diabetic retinopathy whereas some of them have correlated IL-6 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In the literature there are a few studies that tried to determine the level of IL-6 in the serum of diabetic retinopathy patients but some of them could not determine its level in the serum while others found its level much less than in the vitreous fluid. The comparatively newly diagnosed subset of T cells known as Th17 cell secretes IL-17 which is a family of six cytokines (IL-17A-E). It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and mediates inflammation by attracting neutrophils. It has been documented that Th17 cells have major contribution in different human diseases that are related to inflammation and tissue destruction such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Therefore it has also been suggested that IL-17 has got the potential to be used as a treatment option as well. It has been suggested that some early aspects of pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy could be due to loss of self-tolerance. At the beginning of retinopathy, anti-pericyte and anti-endothelial cell auto-antibodies have been detected in the circulation of diabetic patients. There were increased vitreous concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 in the patients of diabetic retinopathy while in the serum there were elevated levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, and soluble IL-2 receptor. T regulatory (Treg) cells: a subset of CD4+ T cells, down regulates the process of autoimmunity. It has been documented that Treg cells are involved in the development of various autoimmune disorders. Two hundred and twelve (212) subjects were divided into three groups i.e. (Group-III) diabetic patients with retinopathy (152), (Group-II) diabetic patients without retinopathy (30) and (Group-I) healthy control without diabetes (30). Blood was drawn after their consent and integrin gene polymorphism was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Concentration of IL-6 and IL-17 was determined by ELISA technique. CD4+CD25+ (T regulatory cells) were enumerated by flow cytometer. There were 77 males and 135 females and their age distribution was from 20 years to 75 years. 109 patients had history of diabetes between 5 and 10 years whereas 73 patients had diabetes for more than 10 years. The percentage of HbA1c was between 5.5% and 15.4%. The mean age of the studied population was 34.66, 49.46, and 50.88 years in Group-I, Group-II and Group-III respectively. There was statistically significant difference of mean age among the three groups. The mean CD4+CD25+ count was 14.53, 14.68, and 16.47 in Group-I, Group-II and Group-III respectively and on comparison of CD4+CD25+ count among the three groups, there was statistically significant difference. The mean of Treg cells was 2.91, 3.07, and 2.88 in Group-I, Group-II and Group-III respectively and there was no statistically significant difference of Treg cells among the three groups,. The mean level of IL-6 was 133.98, 1341.78, and 718.66 in Group-I, Group-II and Group-III respectively and there was statistically significant difference of IL-6 among the three groups. The mean level of IL-17 was 718.05, 415.01, and 375.95 in Group-I, Group-II and Group-III respectively and there was statistically significant difference of IL-17 among the three groups. Mean duration of diabetes was 7.76 and 10.51 years in Group-II and Group-III respectively. There was statistically significant difference of duration of diabetes between these two groups. Mean percentage of HbA1c was 8.54% and 8.83% in Group-II and Group-III respectively and there was no statistically significant difference in percentages of HbA1c between these two groups. There was statistically significant difference in the gender and age of the subjects in all parameters between Group-I and Group-II. There was statistically significant difference in the gender, age, level of IL-6 and the level of IL-17 among the subjects (p<0.05). By comparing Group-II and Group-III, we could find statistically significant difference in the percentage of Treg cells, the level of IL-6 and the duration of diabetes in the studied subjects. Regarding Bgl II polymorphism, 33 (15.6%), 104 (49.05%), and 75 (34.90%) subjects had + +, + -, and - - phenotypes respectively. On comparing Bgl II polymorphism among the three groups, there was no statistically significant difference. By applying logistic regression model between Group-II and Group-III there was statistically significant difference in the percentage of Treg cells and the level of IL-6 in these groups. When the logistic regression model was applied between Group-I and Group-III, significant difference was found in the age of the subjects, the level of CD4+CD25+ cells and the level of IL-6 in these groups. Therefore, it is suggested that age and gender of the subjects, duration of diabetes, levels of IL-6, IL-17, CD4+CD25+ cells and the percentage of Treg cells can contribute towards the development of diabetic retinopathy.