This study was conducted to explore incorporation of social and moral values through the secondary school curriculum in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study revolved around the following research questions: What are the social and moral values included in the secondary school textbooks? What are the important social and moral values missing in the secondary school textbooks? What are the benefits of inclusion of social and moral values in the textbooks at secondary school level? Data were collected from two sources: Secondary school textbooks and Secondary School Teachers. Four textbooks of the compulsory subjects (Urdu, Pakistan Studies, English and Islamiat) of the secondary classes and Secondary School Teachers of district Mansehra who taught compulsory subjects comprised the population of the study. The sample of the study consisted of twenty four lessons from the textbooks and twelve Secondary School Teachers. To collect data about social and moral values from Secondary School Teachers semi-structured interviews were used. Textbooks of secondary classes and transcribed interviews of twelve secondary school teachers were examined in the light of the operational definitions of social and moral values by applying qualitative content analysis technique. The entire data were coded and categories were formed from the codes. Codes were grouped into categories: social and moral values. Peer/expert debriefing was used to review and assess the data to enhance the validity and reliability of the analysis process and findings. The findings of the study revealed that the secondary school textbooks contained social values like equality, human rights, service of humanity, regard for one‟s family, dignity of labour and charity. The textbooks also contained moral values like truth, honesty, obedience, faith and sacrifice. Social and moral values were associated with human behaviour on the xvi basis of which good or bad behaviour of individuals and their adjustment in a society can be judged. Some important social and moral values, however, seemed lacking in the books. These include values such as responsibility, hard work, obedience to the law, unity, patriotism and universal brotherhood and moral values such as virtue, good manners, submission, moderation and patience. The study, therefore, recommends that these values may be incorporated in the secondary school textbooks for a more wholesome education and character development of the students.
Demography, along with geography, has always figured in the making of nations and in inter-state relationships. But perhaps never so critically as in the case of Pakistan. Indeed, in all the annals of its proto-history and existential career, demography and Pakistan have been interminably entwined. This may sound incredible, even inexplicable.
Cloud computing is an on-demand, ubiquitous provisioning of resources. Individual users and many organizations rely on Cloud to support their infrastructure, platform, and applications. To meet these huge demands, Cloud providers have to build enormous Cloud Data Centers (CDCs).CDCs comprise of a lot of resources and these are given to users haphazardly. Arbitrary provisioning of resources on different hosts creates a problem of low usage of host machines. This leads to the problem of inefficient use of resources. More active numbers of hosts contribute to the increase in energy consumption. This will not only increase cloud providers operating cost but also emit a large amount of Carbon Dioxide. Different techniques are used to maximize resource utilization and minimization in energy consumption like VM consolidation, cooling, and scheduling. Server consolidation maximize resource usage and minimize the active number of Physical Machines (PMs) in DCs. Server consolidation includes hosts under-load detection, host overload detection, VM Selection, VM Migration, and VM placement. A number of techniques are proposed by researchers for VM placement which includes Multi-Objective VM placement, Best Fit Decreasing (BFD), Genetic Algorithm Based Approach (GABP), Glow-worn Swarm Optimization, Multi-Objective Ant Colony, and Family Genetic Algorithm (FGA). Most of the proposed techniques consider efficient resource utilization however ignored energy consumption. In some other techniques, energy consumption is considered but they do not consider SLA violation. The proposed technique considers all problems. This research contributes to an Efficient Adaptive Migration Algorithm (EAMA) for dynamic VM migration and placement. The proposed technique minimizes the energy consumption, active number of hosts, maximize the resource utilization and keep a balance in Service Level Agreement (SLA) requirements. For the performance evaluation of the proposed technique CloudSim toolkit is utilized Chapter 1 describes the introduction of the Cloud computing. We have also discussed the aim and objectives of the research. The brief summary of the following chapters is also discussed.