Pakistan is a developing state confronted with the adverse implications of global climate change in presence of its weak economic and institutional infrastructure. The dual task of adapting to negative climate effects and transform its development model to efficient and renewable sources of energy in accordance with the long-term goal of Paris Climate Agreement (2015) is much demanding if not impossible. Global climate change is the sudden transformation, a push, to the natural climate induced by excessive unwise exploitation of natural environment since industrialization.Modern technological civilization for its powering is largely relying on fossil fuels, injecting the largest stores of CO2 into climate. Excessive addition of this heat trapping gas is upsetting the natural greenhouse effect, increased earth surface temperature, a phenomenon termed global warming. Consequently, a torrent of negative climate impacts is unleashed like disruption of hydrological cycle, rapid melting of glaciers and intense and unpredictable weather patterns. These rapid climate variations are constraining human life with crucial implications for the vital sources of livelihood and development: water, food and energy. Pakistan since last decade has witnessed severe floods and intense weather patterns resulting in losses of human life and infrastructure, undermining its crop yields, compounding its existing problems and challenging its fragile governance structure. Fundamentally, a one river based agriculture economy; global climate change could eventually exhaust Pakistan’s freshwater resources and reduce irrigation water for its arid lands. Such constraints could lead to mass migration, inter and intra-state conflict for water sharing, and emergence of strong intransigent societies against state. Pakistan requires adapting to these adverse climate changes and effectively contributes to goals of the Paris Climate Agreement, 2015 without compromising on its economic development. The Paris Climate Agreement is an outcome of an extended decades old contentious politics of the developed global North and developing global South, the fossils fuel based economies and climate threatened low lying and small island states. By setting a goal of keeping earth surface temperature below 2°C and achieve net-zero emissions by mid of the century, this agreement seeks nationally determined contributions from each state and financial and technological support of the developed states to the developing states in actualizing climate resilient clean development. Pakistan National Climate Change Policy (2012) is centered on achieving sustainable development through climate resilient development. However, actualizing climate resilient development demands specific measurable and achievable targets regarding mitigation and adaptation with well-coordinated institutional structure of monitoring and facilitation from the center and a well informed and resourceful climate response structure at the local level. Such an integrated and inclusive approach exists in policy frames but not effectively mainstreamed in the institutional structure.
This article describes the methodology and characteristics of Zad al-masir fi ‘ilm al-tafsir. This is one the finest work of Allama Ibn al-Jawzī, a 6th century prominent Interpreter. Several editions of this Tafsir have been published. However, the edition of dar al-kitab al-‘arbi, Beirut published in four volumes is selected for this study. This exegesis is based on conventional narrations, authentic quotations from the Islamic Scholars and lingual & grammatical discussions. As a witness, causes of verses (asbab al-Nuz┴l), Makki and Madani Surah’s (chapters), the abrogating and abrogated verses (al-nasikh wal-mans┴kh) and Islamic jurisprudence have been discussed in it where needed. The quality of this translation which is admirable is that mostly authentic Ahadith from original sources, and references to well known basic books in relevant discussions have been described.
The primary purpose of this dissertation is to study the nonlinear screening effect of electrostatic field and the nonlinear structure of ion-acoustic solitary waves in relativistic degenerate electron-positron-ion plasmas. Nonlinear screening process in ultrarelativistic degenerate electron-positron gas is investigated by deriving a generalized nonlinear Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. In the simple one-dimensional case, the nonlinear Poisson equation leads to Debye-like (Coulomb-like) solutions at distances larger (less) than the characteristic length. When the electrostatic energy is larger than thermal energy this nonlinear Poisson equation converts into the relativistic Thomas-Fermi equation whose asymptotic solution in 3D shows that the potential field goes to zero at infinity much more slowly than the Debye potential. The possibility of the formation of a bound state in electron-positron plasma is also indicated. Further, it is investigated that the strong spatial fluctuations of the potential field may reduce the screening length and that the root mean square of this spatial fluctuating potential goes to zero for large distance rather slowly as compared with the case of the Debye potential. The arbitrary and small amplitude ion acoustic solitary waves are studied separately in all three regimes (relativistic, non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic). The former is studied by using Sagdeev type-pseudo potential approach in plasmas consisting of collisionless, unmagnetized and degenerate dense electron-positron, and the non- relativistic cold classical ions. The electrons and positrons are assumed to follow the corresponding Fermi Dirac distribution function while the ions are described by the hydrodynamic equations. It is significant to note that the ion-acoustic speed in the degenerate pair-ion plasma does not only depend upon the electron Fermi temperature and ion mass, it also depends upon the concentration of the positrons and the ions in the plasma. Along with approximate solution, the exact amplitude solitary structure is also investigated numerically. It is seen that only compressive and supersonic solitary waves can propagate through such plasmas. The presence of the positions in the plasma drastically reduces the amplitude of the ion-acoustic solitary waves while the plasma thermal temperature increases it slightly.