This study examines the effectiveness of Basel Accord regulations on the banking sector of Pakistan. Pakistani banking sector has undergone a lot of changes and it has witnessed a remarkable growth from 1998 to 2015. Incidentally this is the time period when Pakistan started implementing Basel regulations. Since one objective of these Basel regulations was to reduce risk of the banks and enhance the efficiency of banks so the purpose of this study is to find the impact of Basel capital regulations on the risk taking and efficiency of Pakistani banks. The fact that banks are obligated to implement Basel also raises questions on how regulation affects efficiency and risk taking behavior of the banks, and how this effect has changed over time. By taking various proxies and using secondary data collected from balance sheet and income statements of banks listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange during 1998 to 2015 the present study empirically investigates the impact of bank capital regulation on bank risk and bank efficiency from beginning of Basel regulation in 1998 to 2015 in Pakistan. Moreover this study also quantifies the effect of different Basel accords on the banking sector of Pakistan. By employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), results of this study highlights that Basel capital regulations have reduced the bank risks taking, however the effect of capital regulation of Basel I and II on bank risk taken is not same. Though capital adequacy ratio for Basel I and II is same, however Basel II is more successful than Basel I in curbing the risk taking behavior of banks, thus highlighting the effectiveness of Basel II in reducing risks than Basel I. As far as the impact of capital regulation on the bank efficiency is concerned, it reduces the bank efficiency. However banks have seen their efficiency reduced more in Basel II, while Basel I impact on the cost efficiency of banks is negligible. Furthermore this study also analyzes the effect of other regulatory, firm specific and macroeconomic factors on the relationship between capital, risk and efficiency in the commercial banks of Pakistan. The findings of this study are beneficial for policy maker like State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and management of banks to assess the consequences of implementation of Basel regulations in terms of risk reduction and efficiency enhancement. The results of this study are significant as they facilitate (SBP) to assess whether banks in Pakistan are following Basel regulation in its true Letter and Spirit. The findings of this study are helpful to SBP in formulating and enforcing suitable policies and strategies regarding risk management and improvement of the efficiency of Pakistani banks for the betterment of the banking industry in particular and stability of financial system in general.
بنات النبی اثبات بنات اربعہ اعتراض نمبر۱۶۸ شیعہ آپؐ کی ایک بیٹی تسلیم کرتے ہیں اور باقی گرو ہ چار بیٹیاں مانتے ہیں۔ جواب: حضرت سیدنا ابن عباس سے روایت ہے کہ آپؐ کے پہلے فرزند اعلان نبوت سے پہلے مکہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ وہ قاسم تھے اور آپ کی کنیت ابو القاسم انھیں سے تھی۔ پھر جو اولاد ہوئی وہ سیدہ زینب، سیدہ رقیہ، سیدہ فاطمہ اور سیدہ ام کلثوم تھیں پھر جو اسلام میں (اعلان نبوت کے بعد) پیدا ہوئے وہ حضرت عبد اللہؓ تھے جن کا نام طیب و طاہر رکھا گیا۔۔( اثبات بنات اربعہ ص ۲۷) ابن اسحاق نے کہا کہ نبی کریم کی تمام اولاد پاک سیدہ خدیجہ ؓ کے بطن اقدس سے ہے سوائے حضرت ابراھیم ؓ کے (حضور کے ایک صاحب زادے جو ماریہ قبطیہ سے تھے)۔ حضرت قاسم آپ کے صاحب زادے تھے جن سے آپ کی کنیت (ابو القاسم) تھی اور طیب و طاہر اور سیدہ زینب ، رقیہ، ام کلثوم اور فاطمہ۔(حوالہ بالا) سورہ کوثر کی شان نزول میں اکثر مفسرین نے آنحضرت ؐ کی چار شہزادیاں تحریر کی ہیں جن میں شیعہ کتب کے حوالہ جات بھی دیے ہیں۔ اما م قسطلانی فرماتے ہیں کہ’’ تم جان لو کہ نبی مکرم کی جملہ اولاد جن پر علماء کا اتفاق ہے ان میں سے چھ ہیں۔ان میں سب سے پہلے حضرت عبداللہ و حضرت قاسم اور آخر حضرت ابراھیم اور آپ ؐ کی چار صاحب زادیاں ہیں جن میں بڑی زینبؓ ہیں اور حضرت رقیہؓ اور حضرت ام کلثومؓ اور حضرت فاطمہؓ ان سے اصغر ہیں ‘ یہ صحیح قول ہے اور چاروں صاحب زادیوں نے اسلام کا زمانہ پایا ہے اور آپؐ کے ساتھ ہجرت مدینہ کی ہے۔ امام یوسف بن اسماعیل نبھانی فرماتے ہیں کہ آپؐ کی چار صاحب زادیاں تھیں۔(۱) حضرت زینبؓ (۲) حضرت...
Coronary artery stenosis bypass by using radial artery is good techniques which have longer outcomes. In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) the radial artery has several advantages. The radial artery has a thick muscular wall which is more susceptibleto contraction from the competitive flow. As compared to the open harvesting technique endoscopic harvest of the radial artery has long lasting cosmetic results it also reduces the post-operative complications. The purpose of the study is to compare the two harvesting techniques and compare the short term and long term results related to intra-operative and post-operative outcomes Methods: This is retrospective study (In Queen Alia Heart Institute, Amman, Jordan) to compare endoscopic radial artery technique versus open technique by reviewing patients files through a period between June 2013 and June 2018. Total 50 patients of CABG surgery was selected they were divided into two groups. Group A includes endoscopic radial harvest (n= 10) and Group B includes open harvest (n=40). Data was collected on predesigned Performa. Data were entered and analyze through IBM SPSS 22.0 Results: There was insignificant dissimilarity between the pre-operative outcomes between groups. The Post-operative outcomes were almost same in both groups except hand numbness (P-value<0.005). The comparison of intraoperative outcomes like harvest time between both groups indicate that the mean harvest time in group A was shorter than group B (39.20 + 3.73 Vs 51.90 + 2.09, P-value=0.000). The operative time in group A was higher than the group B (306.0 + 11.6 Vs 278 + 4.25 p-value=0.00). The hospital stays in both groups were insignificantly different (p = 0.09) Conclusions: Endoscopic radial artery harvest is best suited technique for CABG surgery as it significantly decreases the harvest time as well as hospital stay. It is also proven that it is safer, less painful and better wound appearance technique with exceptional outcomes based on positive surgical experience.
The 21st century is regarded as the age of technology, as it has taken over every field of life including education. One of the challenges of technology is the overflow of information, which requires students to use their critical-thinking skill to select and use relevant information for meaningful purpose. Critical-thinking is one of the important aspects of teaching Social Studies, as it helps in building students' confidence and enables them to apply their critical thinking skill in the real world as politically literate citizens. It not only gives sense of ownership to the learner but also develops in him/her a sense of being a contributing member of the society. Teaching critical-thinking to children is crucial, as it prepares them for taking up an effective role in society as critical and thoughtful citizens. However, while educationists consider critical thinking as the main goal of Social Studies, the teachers remain focused on providing knowledge and information to the students. This practice is the result of teachers' belief system of their role as being transmittors of knowledge and also due to their lack of understanding about the importance of critical thinking and how it is developed. Therefore, this small-scale study investigated whether and how a teacher educator could facilitate a social studies teacher in his/her understanding and teaching of critical thinking as a way to develop political literacy. This Action Research report provides evidences of the current practices through classroom observations and semi- structured interviews. In addition, the researcher and participants both maintained reflective journals, which provided evidences of their thought processes over the period of study. A critical account of the findings revealed that it is possible for a teacher educator to facilitate the teaching of critical thinking. This Action Research study reports some possible strategies for facilitating teachers in gaining an understanding about the notion of critical thinking. The findings of the research depict that the belief system of the teachers takes time to change. Furthermore, the report shows that it is possible to question and challenge the teachers' traditional teaching practices by implementing the relevant strategies that encourage critical thinking in students.