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Home > Investigating Teaching Techniques, Assessment of Reading and Reading Attitude of Selected Higher Secondary School Learners in Pakistan

Investigating Teaching Techniques, Assessment of Reading and Reading Attitude of Selected Higher Secondary School Learners in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Dino Abro, Allah

Program

PhD

Institute

Iqra University

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11920/1/Allah%20dino%20abro%20education%202018%20iqra%20isb%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724814877

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English, being an international lingua franca, has been given a great importance in Pakistan at local and national level. It has been taught as a secondary language in the form of compulsory subject in most of the institutions right from class one. Effective teaching learning of English reading mostly depends upon learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques related to reading and reading assessment practices. The basic objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and students towards teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude. Furthermore, the study aims to measure the effect of learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques and assessment practices related to reading on learners’ performance in English subject at higher secondary school level in Pakistan. The students and teachers of higher secondary schools (Class-XI & XII) represented as the population. However, the target population was delimited to Hyderabad. The random stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of twenty six teachers and five hundred thirty students as a sample from target population. The survey method, including questionnaire, interview and observation checklist tools, was used for data collection. It was found that learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to English reading were very strongly correlated to learners’ performance in English subject. Any improvement in teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude towards the English as subject leads to enhance the performance of students in English subject. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perception of students and teachers regarding learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques for reading skills. However, the teachers and students showed their dissatisfaction with learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to reading. The teachers of higher secondary schools were incapable to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. They rarely used modern audio visual aids like multi-media, computers and projectors in the classroom teaching and assessment. They used only old, ineffective and conventional teaching techniques and assessment strategies in their teaching learning of English reading. They were not capable to develop or use technology based tests for assessment of reading. Besides, they focused less on development of reading skills but merely tried to complete the course so that students may pass the examination. Teachers’ only aim was to help students get through the annual examination. As a result, the students paid more attention on examination and less attention on reading skill. It was recommended that reading skills ought to be treated as integral part of the subject while evaluating learners’ skills of English as subject; it should be assessed and marked under a separate section within the exam paper. The teachers should be given proper training time to time to enable them to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. Rather than to complete the course from examination point of view, the teachers should focus on development of reading skills. Latest audio visual aids including multi-media, projectors and computers should be used in teaching and assessing reading proficiency. A well developed reading assessment system equipped with modern technology should be established and reading progress chart of every student should be maintained accordingly for the attraction of students towards reading. In order to cultivate reading habit, the motivation of learners should be kept at the top priority. The teachers should observe, point out and get the reading problems of students solved. They should support and encourage the struggling students in this regard.
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استفہام کے معانی و مفاہیم

استفہام کے معانی و مفاہیم

لفظ استفہام باب فہم یفہم کے وز ن استفعال کا مصدر ہے، جس کے لغوی معنیٰ’’دریافت کرنا، سمجھنے کی خواہش کرنا،پوچھناَ ہیں۔[[1]]

ابن منظور افریقی لفظ استفہام سے متعلق لکھتے ہیں:

 استفہام سے مراد "کسی چیز کو سمجھنا اور سمجھانا ہے۔"[[2]]

اصطلاح میں استفہام سے مراد ہے کہ:

"نا معلوم چیز کو ادوات استفہام سے جاننے کی کوشش کرنا"۔[[3]]



 [[1]]     فیروز الدین مولوی،فیروز اللغات،فیروزسنز، لاہور، ۴ ۲۰۱ء،ص۹۱۔

 [[2]]     افریقی ،ابن منظور ،محمد بن مکرم ،مکتبہ دار صادر،بیروت، ۲۰۱۰ء، مادة ف ه م۔

 [[3]]     ابن فارس،احمد بن فارس بن زکریا الرازی، الصاحبى فى فقه اللغة العربية ومسائلھا وسنن العرب فی کلامھا،تحقیق: ڈاکٹر مصطفیٰ الشواعی،دارالکتب العلمیہ،بیروت،۱۹۶۴ء، ص۱۸۱۔

زیارت قبر رسولﷺ،جمہور اور شیخ ابن تیمیہ Sheikh Ibn-e-Taymiyyah’s Distinction on the issue of the traveling to visit the tomb of the Holy Prophet ﷺ

Shaykh-ul-Islam Ahmad bin Abdul Haleem alias Ibn Taymiyya (661-728 AH) is one of the great personalities whose far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions have been felt in every age. The issues, on which Allama Ibn Taymiyya has a different opinion, are the result of his such research as well as liquidation, wisdom, Ijtihad and continuous consideration as well as deliberation which have been based on Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In his Ijtihadi issues, there is a collection of evidence and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. Most of Ibn Tamiya’s dissent is of a jurisprudential and principled nature. Some of these dissents are against the consensus of the Ummah. Some are against the religion of the four Imams, some differences are contrary to Hanbali School of thought itself and some differences are against the majority of scholars. Allama Ibn Taymiyya also has such differences in which he looks unique and distinguished from the whole Ummah. One of them is related to the pilgrimage to the tomb of the Holy Prophetﷺ. According to Islamic scholars, traveling to visit the tomb of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is permissible and rewarding. The majority of scholars agree on this. Ibn Tamiya’s position and the difference is that if he did not intend to offer prayers in the Holy Prophet's Mosque during this pilgrimage, then it is not permissible according to most of the scholars and imams, nor has it been commanded. According to the command of the Holy Prophet ﷺ, the reason behind this is that only three mosques should be packed, namely Masjid al-Haram, Masjid al-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Aqsa. After the Prophet of Islam, there is room for disagreement with the words and deeds of everyone in Islamic thought. Almost all the great scholars have disagreed with this position and have refuted it with arguments. But their other religious and national services cannot be ignored based on this distinction. In the article under discussion, Ibn Tamiya’s position and his arguments will be critically examined in light of the views of other scholars of the ummah.

Womens Lives and Images: Traditional Symbolism in Pakistani Fiction

Pakistani women writers‘ intellectual contribution became the main trigger of this study. During exploration of existing research in the field of gender and literature, a truly visible gap emerged as to the neglect of this forceful contribution by Pakistan women writers to the field of literature, giving a voice to the women of this region and highlighting the role and place of women in the context of Pakistani society. This thesis connects lives of Pakistani women with the images created by Pakistani women fiction writers. Fiction by twenty-six women fiction writers, writing in Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Pushto and English was studied. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with readers of literature who were divided into four categories. The purpose was to find the place where lives and images of women meet and a true picture of Pakistani women and their lives can be seen. Symbols and archetypes were selected from novels and short stories. As regards to the symbols; the origin, nature, pattern, language and form of conflict in symbols were the organizing themes. Firstly it was discovered that the women writers have explored all avenues and their symbols are studded with mythology, religion, classic texts, folk wisdom, rituals and fairytales. Secondly women writers have indulged in writing abstractly. They have written on life, death, time and space, system and movements of thought etc. It is noticed that the general view that women do not contest the human situation, was challenged herein and powerful themes were touched. Women writers wrote extensively on partition of the sub-continent, global issues relating to wars, exploitations and discriminations of class, race, caste, gender and culture etc., and also on issues of existential and psychological nature. They have talked about world-views and systems. Major movements of Philosophy and literature were traced herein such as Marxism, existentialism, feminism and absurdity. Thirdly, along with presenting the face of society with stereotypical patterns, they have also used symbols that are evolved in nature. Fourthly, it was explored that many writers use narrating pattern of Sufism or mysticism as far as the language is concerned. Also, these writers do not deny their identities as women while writing, but they refrain mostly to indulge in gender-biased or gender-obsessed language. Women writers have also highlighted and explored conflicts in their works including Sexism and conflicts of class, race/ caste, religion etc. As regards to the archetypes, women fiction writers of Pakistan have presented and portrayed the female archetype of this society, and they have also challenged the formation of this archetype; the way an ordinary woman is expected to be seen i.e. as defined by the ‗other‘. This is the feminine consciousness. They have addressed this archetypal representation but have also broken the archetype at places; bringing in the feminist consciousness. Along with these two forms of women consciousness, the third form; female consciousness is also amalgamated in the emerging discourse, as it is traditionally perceived and recognized as part of a woman‘s nature. Some writers are more liberated and have broken the mould. The women in their stories are making choices for themselves, staying single, travelling and exploring the world, running, swimming and dancing without any fear of being seen or judged. This liberty of physical movement also emerged as a major constraint for women of this country and thus these writers used the acts of free bodily movements as symbols of women‘s freedom.The archetypal presence of women was seen with reference to the spaces where women exist. For this purpose, two main spaces, ―Home‖ and ―Outer Space‖, were recognized. Inside the home, women‘s roles in reference to the spaces ―Room‖, ―Behind the stove‖, ―Courtyard‖, ― Balcony‖, ―Windows, doors and roofs‖, and ―Threshold‖, were explored. The ―Outer Space‖ is considered as mainly manly. Women‘s presence in these spaces i.e. ―Streets and Roads‖, ―Educational institutions and workplace‖, Markets, parks and other public spaces‖ were explored. The last outer space was titled as ―She rode away‖, the space of the liberated woman. The respondents were divided in four categories. Six focus group discussions were held in HEC approved public sector universities of Lahore and Islamabad/ Rawalpindi. Twenty-eight participants were chosen for in-depth interviews. Respondents for in-depth interviews in the category of teachers of literature were eight and six teachers from universities of Lahore and Islamabad/ Rawalpindi respectively. In the category of effective minority and emerging writers, eight and six respondents were interviewed. Deconstruction of the female archetype was one basic concern of this research. It was observed that the imprint of the age-old traditions of this region coupled with wrongly interpreted religious norms and customs have made the general attitudes of women of this region crippled to a major extent. It is observed that notions ofliberty and freedom are highlighted all along in fiction by women writers but the true liberal self is found in the writings of a selected few. Same was the case with the perceptions of the readers in focus group discussions. It was difficult for a major chunk of readers to imagine stepping out of false boundaries, but the reassuring thing is that this trend was not to the extent of an alarming passivity. It was observed that the younger the students, the more liberated they were in their understanding. Similar perceptions were observed in in-depth interviews with teachers of literature. However, during in-depth interviews with effective minority and emerging writers of literature, the perceptions were more liberated and there were not concerns at all at the plight of women if they break barriers and prove themselves to be humans with choices, ideals and aims. It was found out during focus group discussions that literary texts by female writers of Pakistan can be effectively used methodologically for the purpose of consciousness-raising. One notion that was a major finding of this research was the effectiveness in the writings in instances particularly focusing on the oppression, suppression, exploitation and degradation of women. These were parts that showed the ways lives of all women touched the writers and which had strength to shake women readers thus becoming a powerful bridge connecting all women together and leading to the greater notion of sisterhood