In this technological era, Governments across the globe are delivering public services to their citizens in an efficient and effective manner through E-Government (E-Govt) system. However, the development of E-Govt is not without challenges. Its development is surrounded by a number of factors, amongst those technological and governance structure have to be focused more in order to facilitate E-Govt implementation. Conversely, once developed, E-Govt brought forward more transparency, reduces corruption to a greater extent and makes public officials highly accountable to citizens. In terms of prior research, most of the literature either focused on the implementation challenges or the adoption factors, no research studies were found that took holistic view of both determinants and outcomes of E-Govt. So this research aimed to investigate the determinants and impacts of E-Govt by integrating both determinants and outcomes of E-Govt cohesively in a unified framework. The study incorporated Technological Sophistication, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Political Stability and Government Effectiveness as critical enabling factors that may influence E-Govt development. On the other hand the impacts of E-Govt on Control of Corruption and Voice and Accountability were also investigated. This study also posited that the relationship between E-Govt and Control Corruption and between E-Govt and Voice and Accountability further strengthens with the inclusion of Right to Information laws. Based on quantitative research method, country level secondary data was collected from international agencies (i.e. World Economic Forum, Center for Law and Democracy, United Nations and World Bank) to operationalize research variables. The results suggested that Technological Sophistication, Regulatory Quality and Government Effectiveness have significant positive association with E-Govt while Political Stability has significant but negative effects on E-Govt. Further the relationship between Rule of Law and E-Govt was statistically insignificant. Likewise,on the outcome side, E-Govt has strong impact on Control of Corruption but no impact on Voice and Accountability. In addition, Right to Information laws have moderating effects on the relationship between E-Govt and Control of Corruption and also on the relationship between E-Govt and Voice and Accountability. The research implications and limitations with future research directions are also discussed.
حکیم عبد النبی شجرطہرانی(۱۹۶۸۔۱۸۷۲) ہمیر پور جموں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام عبد النبی اور شجر تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ کے والد دہلی میں طبیب تھے۔۱۹۰۲ء میں آپ نے میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ سے طب کی سند حاصل کی۔(۶۲) ۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے والدین سمیت جموں سے ہجرت کی اور سیالکوٹ میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ (۶۳) جب شجر میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ میں طالب علم تھے تو اسی دور میں آپ کو حضرت داغ دہلوی سے تلمذ ہوا۔ اس دور میں شجر اپنا کلام داغ دہلوی کو دکھایا کرتے تھے۔(۶۴) شجر سند یافتہ طبیب تھے۔ آپ فوجی ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے برطانوی فوج میں شامل ہوئے۔ مولانا جوہر اور مولانا شوکت علی کے ساتھ تحریکِ خلافت کے دوران متعدد جلسوں میں حصہ لیا۔۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے کانگریس کی رکنیت اختیار کی۔ بعد ازاں کانگریس چھوڑ کر مجلسِ احرار میں شامل ہو گئے۔(۶۵) شجر کے عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری سے گہرے مراسم تھے جب وہ سیالکوٹ آتے تو شجر کی قیام گاہ پر قیام کرتے۔ شجر نے ۸۰ سال متحرک ادبی زندگی گزاری اور تقریباً ایک لاکھ شعر کہے۔ ان کی باقیات کے پاس ان کے بائیس شعری مسودات محفوظ ہیں لیکن ان کے اکثر مسودے نایاب ہیں اور گم ہو گئے ہیں۔(۶۶) شجر کی زندگی میں ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’صبرِ جمیل‘‘ ۱۸ اگست ۱۹۲۸ء کو شائع ہوا۔ اس کا مکمل نام مثنوی سرگزشت یتیم المعروف صبرِ جمیل ہے۔ شجر نے اس میں ایک یتیم کی سرگزشت کو اپنے اشعار میں پیش کیا ہے۔ اس میں صبر‘ استقلال و صداقت‘ تقویٰ و ذہانت‘ عصمت دنیاوی‘ انقلابات اور عروج و زوال جیسے مضامین نہایت خوبی سے نبھائے گئے ہیں۔ دوسراشعری مجموعہ ’’زبانِ فطرت‘‘ جو نظموں پر مشتمل ہے، ۱۹۲۹ء کو مقبول عام پریس لاہور سے منشی غلام احمد نے شائع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں خارو گل‘ نسیم و بہار‘ شام و سحر‘ روز و شب اور نورو ظلمات کے تعلق...
Mufti Muhammad Shafi' was a great spiritual leader, Pakistan's grand mufti and a renowned Islamic scholar as well. He served in different fields with his knowledge, research and writings. He translated and wrote the interpretation of the Holy Qur’ān, he had keen grasp on Fiqh, Hadith and other religious affairs. Thousands of fatwas had been issued by him and he built a well known Islamic university named ‘Jamia Darul uloom Karachi.’ He participated in politics as well for the national cause and struggled too much for the Islamic contribution in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. This research paper is about his efforts that he made for the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him). He wrote several books on Seerat-e-Nabawi, he defended Khatm-e-Nubuwwat and fought against Qadyaniyyat. This report has the abstract frame on specific grounds regarding Sīrah, Sunnah and teachings of Holy Prophet. It will portray a very brief description on Mufti Shafi's services in Sīrah's aspect.
There are three components to making a career decision: knowledge about self, knowledge about success and what it takes to be successful in a certain occupation, and finally knowledge oflogical reasoning and knowing how it can be used to determine if a match exists between the two (Parson,1909). The aim of the research was to investigate the way postgraduate students of a private university in Karachi, Pakistan make their career decisions, as well as to highlight the factors that influence them and explorethe career advice they seek for making their career choices. The qualitative data was collected through a selected sample of postgraduate regular students (N=4) studying in a private university of the city of Karachi. Semi-structured open-ended interviews were conducted with students during university hours. The findings of the study revealed that all the students make their career decisions in different ways. Mostly the decisionsare made with the influence of male members within families particularly with the influence of the ‘father’ due to which students areunable to pursue the careers they dream of. The other factors that influence the career decisions of postgraduate students are: conditional family support; contextual factors such as lack of career guidance and counselling, lack of knowledge about labour market and emerging career trends. Therefore their main focus remains on finding a job that enables them to get high remuneration rather than focusing towards a strong career. Furthermore, it was also found that thestudents’ career decisions change overtime at various stages of their lives. This indicates a low satisfaction and confidence level of students regarding their future careers. Moreover, difference in ways of making career decisions is found among male and female research participants. Males gain more independence in making career decisions as they start earning and grow professionally, while females remain dependentuponfamily instructions throughout their lives pertaining to their career decisions.