The rise of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the conflict stricken region of Middle East constituted a direct challenge to the states, regional and extra-regional, involved. Most significantly, the active and competent power relationship between U.S with Saudi Arab and between Iran and Russia generates a dynamic pattern of conflict and cooperation in the Middle Eastern geo-political landscape, based on the convergence and divergence of tangible as well as intangible national interests between them. The rise of ISIS in Middle East also challenged the War on Terrorism under U.S and its allies and Russia and Iran‘s foreign policy ambitions that focus on eliminating terrorism from the region. This research study is designed to understand impact of emergence of a common enemy for the primary regional and transregional states that are woven in the patterns of conflict and cooperation amongst them. It would attempt to analyze that how U.S., Saudi Arab, Iran and Russia are executing their policies in Middle Eastern region to eliminate ISIS and how it is affecting the relationship they share and it impact over the , keeping in view their foreign policy stances in difference conflicts. This research study garnered and analyzed the primary resources from official statements of U.S., Saudi Arab‘s, Iranian and Russian foreign policy mechanisms. It too discussed in what ways these regional powers viewed the ISIS and how ISIS posed a threat to them. Furthermore, this research study focused on understanding the patterns of struggle, competition in addition to the co-operation within the members of a group and between the two groups who have the capacity to influence the power politics in Middle East. There are several theories in international relations that provide a background for studying different global phenomena. In most of the research studies, liberalist and realist paradigms dominates the research studies of International Relations. In addition to that, the research studies that deal with conflict usually utilize conflict and conflict resolution‘s theories and models to understand the modes of conflicts in International Relations. This research study, however, provides a new dimension to understand the core patterns of Major power politics through the theoretical framework provided by Realistic Conflict Group Theory to broaden the horizon of studies related to Major Powers and their foreign policy attributes while keeping in view their national interests and ambitions. Realistic Conflict Group Theory provides a comprehensive approach to generate an understanding how different actors work. Unlike liberalist or realist paradigms that specifically focus upon providing the state behavior through the prism of cooperation and competition respectively, Realistic conflict group theory posits that states tend to indulge in the both mechanisms of cooperation and competition simultaneously thus emerging into in-groups and out-groups based on the level of cooperation and competition that exists between them. This research study thus developed two in-groups which consist of U.S and Saudi Arab in one group whereas Iran and U.S. into another group. This research study thus studied the role of both in-groups towards each other while countering the ISIS, a common threat to the both in-groups. This research study thus reached to the conclusion that, states do possess the sense of prejudices towards other states, as posits by Realistic Conflict Group Theory. Moreover, the rivalry amongst both groups based on the scarcity of tangible as well as intangible resources eventually forced them to indulge in competition towards each other. This research study thus highlighted that the competition and conflict amongst these ingroups contributed in strengthening of the ISIS in the region, and served as a huge factor along with other regional dynamics. This research study thus recommended that these ingroups are required to develop a framework of mechanism to eliminate their common enemy and threat that is ISIS.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
109:01 a. Say: b. ‘O you who knowingly deny the truth of Islam!
109:02 a. I will not submit in awe and worship to what you worship,
109:03 a. nor will you worship the One WHOM I submit in awe and worship – Allah, The One and Only God.
109:04 a. And neither have I ever submitted in awe and worship to what you worship,
109:05 a. nor have you ever worshiped the One WHOM I submit in awe and worship,
109:06 a. Therefore, for you, is your religion and its consequential ramifications in the Sight of Allah, and b. for me, is my religion’ and its consequential ramifications in the Sight of Allah.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan model pembelajaran discovery inquiry untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII IPS Terpadu di SMP Negeri 3 Botomozoi. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi, tes hasil belajar, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelas VIII semester genap SMP Negeri 3 Botomozoi dengan jumlah siswa 26 orang. Hasil penelitian adalah sebagai berikut (1). Pada siklus I observasi responden guru mencapai 62, 49% dalam kategori sangat baik, sedangkan pada siklus II rata-rata 87, 49% dalam kategori sangat baik. Hasil observasi aktivitas siswa pada siklus I rata-rata 60, 46% dalam kategori cukup, dan pada siklus II rata-rata 85, 04% tergolong baik, (2). Pada siklus I rata-rata hasil belajar siswa sebesar 68, 47 cukup baik, sedangkan pada siklus II rata-rata hasil belajar siswa sebesar 83, 94, cukup baik, dan (3). Persentase ketuntasan belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah 61, 53%, sedangkan persentase ketuntasan pada siklus II adalah 100%.
Background: Tourniquet hypertension arising from tourniquet inflation remains of primary concern to the anaesthetist. One drug commonly used to manage tourniquet hypertension is ketamine. Several studies show that ketamine attenuated the blood pressure rise associated with tourniquet inflation. None of the studies carried out examined the effect of ketamine on tourniquet hypertension for a period of more than one hour or an infusion of the same. Objective: To compare the effect of an intravenous infusion of ketamine, versus placebo on tourniquet induced hypertension in patients undergoing upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia Study design: Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Study setting: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya Methods: Forty six adult patients scheduled for upper and lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized into two equal groups. The first group (referred to as the ketamine group), received an intravenous bolus of 0.1mg/kg of ketamine in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of 2ug/kg/min of ketamine in a 20ml syringe. The second group (referred to as the saline group) received an intravenous bolus of physiological saline in a 10ml syringe followed by an infusion of saline in a 20ml syringe. All the patients were reviewed post operatively. Data of the baseline characteristics, haemodynamic changes, post tourniquet pain and side effects were collected. If post tourniquet pain was present post-operatively, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess its severity. Results: 46 patients were entered into the study and all successfully completed the trial. There were no significant differences between the groups for baseline patient demographics. The incidence of tourniquet hypertension was higher in the saline group (26.1%) as compared with ketamine group (4.6%) with a 95% confidence interval. The difference was shown to be statistically significant (‘P’<0.05) There was an increase in systolic blood pressure after 60 minutes of tourniquet inflation in the saline group but the difference was not statistically significant(‘P’>0.866). There were no significant differences between the groups as regards, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. VAS scores did not differ between the two groups. Statistically there was no difference found between the two groups. Side effects were minimal in the ketamine group whilst in the saline group nausea and vomiting was predominant but was also not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it was found that there was a difference in the proportion of hypertension after tourniquet inflation