The study aimed to examine the job stress of academia and its effects on their performance in public sector Universities of Punjab. The main objectives of the study were to identify the nature of job stress in academia, to analyze the factors responsible for job stress, and to explore relationship between job stress and performance. There were six research questions in this study: i) What are the major indicators of job stress in academia? ii) What are the major indicators of performance? iii).What is the nature of job stress in academia in public sector universities of Punjab? iv) What is the level of job stress in academia in Public sector universities? v) What is the relationship between job stress and demographic characteristics of academia? vi) What is the effect of job stress on the performance of academia in public sector universities? The study was initially planned in nine regions of Punjab namely Rawalpindi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Sahiwal and Sargodha. One public sector university from each region with a large number of people was selected as population. Dera Ghazi Khan and Sahiwal regions were excluded from the study for having no public sector university. The seven universities representing each region were the population of the study. These universities were, University of Punjab from Lahore, Bahauddin Zakariya Univeristy from Multan, PMAS-Arid University from Rawalpindi, University of Sargodha form Sargodha, University of Gujrat from Gujrat, Islamia University from Bahawalpur and Government College University from Faisalabad. To conduct the study, stratified random sampling technique was used. Strata were made with respect to population of the university from each region. The sample size was determined by using criteria given in Johnson & Christensen (2000. p 178). Four groups of respondents were selected, that included academic heads of the universities (Dean, Chair), the academia, students and Vice Chancellors. A sample out of 373 academic heads, 434 academia, 1008 students and 7 Vice Chancellors were selected randomly from the population. Physical facilities for heads, academia and students were also verified with checklist. Review of available literature presented a detailed picture of earlier researches conducted on different aspects of job stress. After extensive literature review, the researcher developed a stress inventory for measuring stress of academia, accompanying views of various experts in the field of education. There was no inventory available for measurement of stress of academia working in universities. The researcher constructed three inventories for this purpose. There were sixteen indicators in each inventory with different sub questions. These indicators were social interaction at work, financial benefits, provision of privacy, communication channel at work, autonomy of work, quality of work, organizational behavior, flexibility of work, working condition, official furniture, equipments facility, space organization, personal space, individual control, information overload and energy drain. A semi structured interview technique was used to interview the Vice chancellors. A checklist was used to verify the physical facilities for academia and their heads. A collected data with the help of research tools from academia their heads and students were analyzed. Three statistical techniques (Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate) were used for the analysis of data. In univariate analysis classification of data, percentage, mean and standard deviation were computed. In bivariate analysis, association between job stress, demographic variables and academia performance was observed with the help of ANOVA. The multivariate analysis was carried out by using all variables in the linear regression analysis. For this purpose, regression analysis was applied on two target groups namely head and academia. The analysis was made by using SPSS version 15. Results were based on quantitative data and were described in paragraphs. It was found from the results that autonomy of work, quality of work, flexibility of work, provision of privacy, communication channel at work, equipment facility and working environment were job stress indicators of the academia working in public sector universities. Further, demographic (gender, post, positions, qualification, experience, marital status, age) variables of academia and their heads working in public sector universities lead towards job stress. It was concluded from the results that academia job stress is multiple factors constructs, and these entire factors associated with each other’s. It was also found academia job stress negatively effect on their performance. It was recommended from results that university as an organization may conduct need assessment program for academia to explore the causes of their stress and dissatisfaction.
”اردو بازار، مال روڈ، انار کلی، ٹولینٹن مارکیٹ وغیرہ میں اکثر میرزا صاحب سے ملاقات ہو جاتی۔ میں ان کا بیگ اٹھا لیتا اور ان کے ساتھ ساتھ رہتا۔ گھر کی چھوٹی موٹی چیزیں وہ خود خریدتے تھے اور خوب بھاؤ تاؤ کرکے۔ ایک روز وہ شاپنگ وغیرہ کر چکے تو میں انھیں ویگن پر بٹھانے کے لیے انارکلی سٹاپ پر آیا۔ اس دن ویگنوں میں کچھ زیادہ رش تھا۔ میں نے کہا بھی، رکشے پر چلے جائیں مگر وہ حسبِ سابق نہیں مانے۔بڑی مشکل سے: پچیس(۵۲)نمبر ویگن میں انھیں جگہ ملی اور وہ بھی ڈرائیور کی پچھلی سیٹ(پھٹے) پر،دروازے کے بالکل ساتھ۔ انھیں بیٹھنے میں ذرا دشواری ہوتی تھی، بڑھاپے کی وجہ سے بھی اور ٹانگ میں خم کے سبب بھی۔ انھیں سوار ہونے میں قدرے تاخیر سی ہو گئی تو کنڈکٹر نے ان کا بازو سختی سے پکڑا اوریہ کہتے ہوئے ویگن میں گھسیٹ لیا: ”کیہہ بابا توں نخرے ای کری جانا ایں، جلدی کر!“اتنے میں ویگن چل پڑی اور میں وہاں کھڑا تادیر سوچتا رہا، اب: پچیس (۵۲)نمبر ویگن کے اس کندہ ناتراش کنڈکٹر کو کیا معلوم کہ یہ بابا کون ہے؟“
یہ پیراگراف جمیل احمد عدیل کے ادبی کالموں کے مجموعے: ”سخن وری اچھی لگی“ سے لیا گیا ہے۔ اس میں انھوں نے میرزا ادیب کی یادوں اور باتوں پر ایک کالم تحریر کیا ہے۔ جمیل احمد عدیل نے میرزا ادیب کے انتقال پر تحریر کردہ اس کالم میں اُن کی زندگی کے بہت سے پہلوؤں کو اجاگر کیاہے۔ اس کالم کا ایک ایک لفظ دل میں اُتر جانے والا ہے اور جس حساسیت کے ساتھ درج بالاپیراگراف تحریر کیا ہے، اُس نے ہمیں بھی رُلا دیا ہے!!
It’s always the people who define the status of a society. If the people of a society are civilized, the society will be called an ideal society. Moral reforms and behavioural therapy of individuals of the society are basic factors to establish an ideal society. Such an ideal society was established by Prophet Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) in Madina where he laid the foundations of brotherhood and equality among citizens of that state. He showed tolerance towards people belonging to different religions by protecting all their human rights and by providing indiscriminate and quick justice. He not only made the social institutions strong but also developed a history of human civilization. We simply need to work on our moral values and behaviours. We should study the daily life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) and mould our lives according to that. Dire need of the modern world is the rectification of human behavior in the light of the ideal life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H). It will give an opportunity to breathe the same spirit into the contemporary social attitudes so that our society may become peaceful.
This study explores the perceptions of mothers (working and stay-at-home) about their role in the emotional development of their children in early years (4-6 years). It also explores the facilitating and impeding factors in mother-child interaction during the emotional development in early years of the children. Emotional development as a process helps infants and children to develop the capacity to experience, express and interpret emotions. Mothers have great influence on children's emotional development. Mothers teach their children about daily life norms and build their attitude and character which shapes children's perceptions of the world and their later patterns of behaviours. My working experience as a Montessori Directress gave me insight that the mothers' attachment and interaction positively influences the emotional development of children in these years. However, it is assumed that working mothers are unable to provide quality time to their children due to workload. Thus, my study focuses on how working and stay-at-home mothers perceive their role in their children's emotional development in the early years. The qualitative design was used to explore the effects of stay-at-home and working mothers' interaction on their children's early year (focusing 4-6 years) emotional growth and development. Through a purposive sampling, four participants (two working and two stay-at-home mothers) were selected whose children were 4-6 years of age and were enrolled in Kindergarten I and II. The data was generated through semi-structured interviews. The data shows that mothers' closer bond positively influence children's emotional and social development. Whereas, inadequate time, lack of quality interaction and mothers' stress and frustration have negative influence on children's emotional development in terms of lack of confidence, trust, reluctance and detachment from their surroundings. The study concludes by presenting implications and recommendations for parents, teachers, teacher educators, early childhood educational institutions based on the children's emotional development particularly focusing on early years.