Plastic based products are used worldwide for packing and other consumer goods. Their wider use and non-biodegradable nature make them a serious threat to the environment. In order to circumvent the problem, incineration and dumping them in soil are the common practices. However, these practices are now unacceptable in terms of recent legislation in the matter. Incineration leads to hazardous smoke, whereas frequent land filling contaminates the soil and underground water. Hence, recycling is the ultimate choice and this has two benefits. On one hand the plastics are disposed of and on the other hand some valuable products are also obtained which have substantial benefits for domestic and 22 commercial use. In the present research work thermal decomposition kinetics of polypropylene was investigated in the absence and presence of catalyst (molecular sieve LZ Y52, Zeolite mordenite ammonium, cobalt doped molecular sieve LZ-Y 52, Cu-Co/MS) in a thermobalance system, at isothermal and non isothermal heating conditions with heating rate of 5 oC/min, 10 oC/min, 15 oC/min and 20 oC/min in the temperature range of 30–600 oC under nitrogen atmosphere. The apparent activation energy (Ea) and Pre-exponential factor (A) were determined using Ozawa Flynn Wall, Tang Wanjun and Coats-Redfern (modified) methods. In the absence of catalyst, the apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor were found in the range 61.3– 110.9 kJmol-1 and 2.1×107 - 3.3×1013 min-1 respectively. The activation energies and pre-exponential factor determined in the presence of molecular sieve LZ-Y52, Co/MS, Cu-Co/MS and zeolite mordenite ammonium catalysts were in the range of 58.38 – 74.50,47.59 – 54.75, 48.36 – 73.81 and 72.77 - 84.12 kJmol-1 and 2.4×107 - 9.05×108, 1.86×106 - 1.9×107, 3.2×106 - 9.9×108 and 2.7×108 - 3.6×109 min-1 respectively. Increasing the heating rate shifted the Tmax to a higher level. The lower activation energies observed indicates breakage of the bonds at weak links. Moreover, the values of kinetic parameters are significantly controlled by the heating rate, level of conversion and calculation technique. A comparison among the different techniques has been made on the basis of the apparent activation energy from the TG data. The activation energies determined by all the three methods are in good agreement with each other. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of model polypropylene was carried out over the temperature range 350-415°C in an indigenously manufactured furnace using Pyrex reaction vessel. The liquid and gaseous fractions produced were collected and monitored using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The conditions for thermal and catalytic degradation were optimized for maximum liquid oil production. 10% catalyst amount, temperature 395 oC, nitrogen flow rate 16 mL/min and reaction time 60 minutes were the optimum conditions used during experimental work.It was found that, in case of thermal degradation no condensable 23 products were observed while in case of catalytic degradation more than 70% condensable products were obtained at 395oC for 1 hour. In commercial catalysts molecular sieve LZ-Y52 while in modified catalysts the cobalt doped was found to be preeminent catalysts for the conversion of model polypropylene in to valuable products. The physical parameters of the oil obtained from the pyrolysis of PP in the presence of catalysts were determined so as to evaluate its potential application for fuel oil and compared with standard values of gasoline, diesel and kerosene oil. The values of physical parameters were found out to be in close agreements with the standard values of diesel and kerosene oil. Moreover, the study conducted on pure polypropylene on laboratory scale could successfully be applied to waste polypropylene on commercial scale.
فضا سے کہ دو! ڈاکٹر نوید عاجزؔ ڈاکٹر ریاض ہمدانی کی زیرِ نگرانی پنجاب ٹیلنٹ ہنٹ 2021ء کے ادبی اور ثقافتی مقابلہ جات کا دوسرا دن تھا ۔ افسانے کا مقابلہ تھا اور میں بطور جج اپنے فرائض انجام دے رہا تھا۔ بلدیہ کے بڑے ہال میں موسیقی کا مقابلہ انعقاد پذیر تھا جب کہ میٹنگ روم میں نئے بھرتی ہونے والے پٹواری ٹریننگ لینے میں مصروف تھے۔ میں نے چا ر و ناچار باہر ہی کرسیاں لگوانی شروع کردیں۔ اسی دوران ایک طالبہ مجھے کام کرتا دیکھ کر آئی اور پوچھا کہ غزل کا مقابلہ کہاں ہو گا؟ میں نے جواب دیا اس مرتبہ شاعری کا ایونٹ شامل نہیں۔ یہ غزل فاطمہ تھی ،جس کی ڈائری میں چند غزلیں اس کی شاعرہ ہونے کی دلیل تھیں۔ میں نے اسے فریدیہ کالج میں بی ۔ ایس کی طالبات کے سامنے اپنا کلام پیش کرنے کی دعوت دی۔ پھر ایک دن موصوفہ کے اعزاز میں ایک شعری نشست منعقد ہوئی۔ اگلے دن اس نو آموز شاعرہ غزل فاطمہ کے کلام پر بی۔ایس باٹنی کی ایک طالبہ کا زبانی تبصرہ پروفیسر محمد عمران (کلاس ٹیچر) کی وساطت سے موصول ہوا کہ: ’’اس سے بہتر کلام تو میں لکھ سکتی ہوں‘‘۔ پھر اس نے اگلے روز ایک غزل موزوں کر کے تصحیح و تبصرے کے لیے بھجوائی جس کا مطلع درج ذیل ہے: آس کے جگنوئوں سی سندر ہے زندگی روشنی کا منظر ہے پھر اگلے دن دوسری اور اس سے اگلے دن تیسری غزل موصول ہوئی۔ یوں دو اڑھائی ماہ میں ایک پورا مجموعہ تیار ہو گیا۔ بی ۔ایس باٹنی کی وہ طالبہ اس مجموعے کی خالق فضا موسیٰ ہیں۔ انھوں نے یہ مجموعہ بہت سہولت سے بہت کم وقت میں تشکیل دیا ہے۔ تخلیقِ شعر کے مدارج کی دقت انھوںنے کس درجہ جھیلی ہے اس کا درست جواب...
This study aims to examine research papers on religious minorities to determine their issues, rights, and privileges in Pakistan. In a civilized society, everyone has basic rights regardless of race, color, or religion. Everyone has cultural, political, religious, and constitutional freedom in a peaceful society. In general, it is perceived that, in Pakistan, followers of other religions than Islam are not given their essential rights, especially regarding their religious rights. To secure minority participation in decision-making, they may reserve seats in administration and parliament, organize national and local minority consultative organizations, and provide cultural or territorial autonomy. In the context of Pakistan, the school curriculum and state policies are viewed as the primary causes of prejudice against minorities. However, numerous other elements may contribute to the establishment of attitudes about them. Therefore, in order to reveal and appropriately address the issue, this study will use qualitative research methodology with an analytical research approach. Rights, issues, and problems of minorities have been a matter of concern to various scholars, states, and societies throughout history and in the contemporary era too. The study suggests that there should be made awareness at the grassroots level and the removal of obstacles to the greater good of humanity.
The primary decomposition methods of Eisenbud, Huneke and Vasconcelos are anal- ysed in detail providing proofs of important theorems and all the corresponding al- gorithms are programmed in the language of Singular. MOreover, we investigated the parallelization of two modular algorithms. In fact, we consider the modular com- putation of Gr ̈obner bases (resp. standard bases) and the modular computation of the associated primes of a zero–dimensional ideal and describe their parallel imple- mentation in Singular. The algorithms of Shimoyama and Yokoyama for primary decomposition of ideals are generalized to submodules of a free module over the polynomial ring in several variables with coefficients in a field. The algorithms are implemented in Singular.