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Learning Beyond Classrooms: A Model for Guided Internships

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Sohail, Sarwat

Program

PhD

Institute

Institute of Business Management

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12720/1/Sarwat%20Sohail%20Thesis%20in%20PDF%20format.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724839255

Similar


In order to generate sufficient amount of human capital, the Pakistani business schools need to use internships as an experiential learning project but internships in Pakistan, in most cases, are not well structured. Therefore, the students, industry and the academia are unable to get maximum benefit out of this experience. Research conducted worldwide and world recognized accreditation companies such as AACSB and HEC Pakistan show that an internship will only be fruitful, if it is well structured and is designed according to the objectives and as an experiential learning activity. Research in this field in Pakistan needs to be conducted in order to assess how the internship programs can be made more productive and generate more human capital. Therefore, to give structure to the current business internship programs, the RFGHCI (Reflective Framework for Generating Human Capital through Internships) model was developed and used in this research. The RFGHCI model is based upon the models of systematic internship cycle, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle and DEAL model for critical reflection. The RFGHCI model explains how systematic internship education encompasses the whole experiential learning process. Furthermore, it acknowledges the development of human capital through internships that are truly experiential in nature. Using this model the students not only constructed their internship goals but also achieve them. The procedure of this case study was in accordance with the procedure laid down by Creswell (2007) and was conducted in two phases, where in Phase I, individual interviews to understand the scope of problem from 10 interns - two from finance, five from management and three from human resource - who had completed their internships were conducted. These interviews gave me an insight into the problems that the interns face during the internships and their perception about the fruitfulness of this pedagogy. The results of these initial interviews were also important because not only did they give me data to make an internship manual but also helped me in chalking out the next phase of my research. Phase 2 began with identifying the cases and getting in touch with them in order to get their consent to participate in the study. I met with the interns individually who consented to be a part of the study to share the internship manual with them. This helped them to understand and recognize the institute’s expectations from the six week long internship. These students were taught how to set internship goals for themselves and how to compose their reflections. Embedded data analysis was conducted using the data analysis framework of triangulation as the purpose was to look for the answers of the research questions. This case study which was conducted the RFGHCI model concluded that internships according to the demands of AACSB are possible. The results of Phase I where the internships were less structured were different from Phase II where the internships were more structured through RFGHCI model. In Phase I, the interns complained that no real work was given to them and that they did not think that their learning at the internship was of much use; whereas, the results of Phase II revealed that the interns were able to recognize not only their learning at the internships but also their strengths and weaknesses. Business institutes in Pakistan need to structure their internships in order to make them more productive and to provide the industry with the much needed human capital. First, the institute needs to train and appoint faculty supervisors who must be responsible to ensure that all internships provided to the interns are well structured. Second, to provide human capital for the industry, business schools must connect with industry through internships and lastly, since reflections are central to any experiential learning project they must be used as an assessment tool by the institute. The challenge for the academic institutions and their faculty is to incorporate experiential learning into the curriculum; without the much needed support from the institution, experiential learning will only exist at educational periphery and its promise of augmented learning will not be realized.
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اسلم عارف

اسلم عارف
اسلم عارف (۱۹۲۷ئ۔۱۹۹۰ئ) پسرور کے ایک نواحی گائوں بن باجوہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۷۳۷) آپ نظم ،غزل اور قطعہ گو شاعر تھے ۔عارف کی شاعری مقامی وملکی سطح کے رسائل وجرائد میں شائع ہوئی ۔ا ن کی شاعری میں روایتی موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ جدت بھی پائی جاتی ہے ۔حقیقت پسندی اور رومانیت بھی عارف کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں ۔ نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
اے حسینہ سنوارلے گیسو

اشک کب تک بہائے گی

قبر کے پھول سوکھ جائیں گے

زندگی لوٹ کر نہ آئے گی
(۷۳۸)

ایک مفلس بندہ مزدور پر روئے گا کون؟
زندگی میں بھی اگرچہ بے سرو سامان تھا
مر کے لیکن رہ گیا اس طرح بے گور کفن
جیسے اس دنیا کا بس یہ آخری انسان تھا (۷۳۹)

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Emotional Labor, Employees Affective States and Job Satisfaction: Role of Supervisory Support

The present research was carried out to study the emotional labor strategies and its association with job satisfaction and employees’ affective states among customer services employees.The primary objective of the study was to find out the relationship between three strategies of emotional labor i.e., surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expression of emotions with job satisfaction and affective states of employees. It was also aimed at addressing the dimensionality of emotional labor construct through establishing its validity in local settings. It further investigated the mechanism by exploring role of affective states as a mediator between the relationship of emotional labor and job satisfaction as well as the moderating effects of supervisory support on these mediated relationships. The present research was completed in two independent studies i.e., study-I and study–II. The study-1 was related to the adaptation and validation of instruments. Forward translation method was used to translate the scales into Urdu language and committee approach was conducted to select the best translation. These scales were then administered to 145 customer services employees from banking sector with the aim of establishing their psychometric properties. Only those employees were selected who had at least 14 years of education and six month of job experience on current job. The results of the empirical evaluation establish the initial validity of these scales through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and with item-to-total correlations. Psychometric properties of these translated scales indicated that these scales are internally consistent and valid instruments to administer on a sample of Pakistani customer services employees. Study–II (Main study) was conducted on the sample of 493 bank employees with a minimum of 14 years of education and at least six month of job experience on the present job. Firstly, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to further assess the initial factor ix structure of instruments being adapted in study-I. Multiple regression analysis, and conditional process analysis were used to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that emotional labor strategies i.e, surface acting, deep acting, and genuine expression of emotions have significant association with job satisfaction and affective states.Results further highlighted that surface acting is negatively associated with job satisfaction and negative affective state whereas genuine expression of emotions is positively associated with job satisfaction and positive affective state. However, deep acting is positively associated with positive affective state but showed a non significant association with job satisfaction. Results further depicted that affect (positive/ negative) significantly mediated the relationships of emotional labor strategies with job satisfaction. To be more specific, negative affective state significantly mediated the negative relationship of surface acting and job satisfaction. Whereas, positive affective state significantly mediated the relationships of deep acting and job satisfaction. Similarly, both the positive and negative affective states were found to be the significant mediators between the relationships of genuine expression of emotions and job satisfaction. The results of the moderated mediation models suggested that strength of mediated relationship of genuine expression of emotions with job satisfaction increases with the presence of supervisory support. However, reverse buffering effect of supervisory support was found in the moderated mediated models of surface acting and job satisfaction. Whereas, supervisory support did not turn out to be a significant moderator between the indirect relationship of deep acting and job satisfaction.Findings of the study are discussed in light of deducing implications for improving emotional management of bank employees.