The importance of linguistic variation has been discussed in a variety of theoretical, methodological and practical studies (e.g. Biber, 1988, 1994, 2002, 2009, and 2013). These studies have contributed to the description of any language variety defined by its situational characteristics. Pakistani English (PE) is an emerging independent, non-native variety of English. However, currently there is a lack of a comprehensive description of its characteristics in the literature. The present research addresses this problem by investigating the linguistic variation of Pakistani English newspaper editorials (PNE.). It aims to identify if the language used in PNE is a distinguished linguistic sub-register of Pakistani Newspaper English. In order to address this question, the technique of multidimensional (MD) analysis is utilized, which provides detailed grammatical information about the corpus and helps in interpreting and comparing the corpus to the text genres and typologies that have already been studied, labeled and commonly acknowledged in the English language. A diverse dataset, consisting of 1500 editorials from five leading newspapers, with three subcategories (personal editorials, organizational editorials and letters to the editor) has been compiled which provides a variety and range of topics covered by different authors of the Pakistani community. The resulting corpus is tagged for 147 linguistic features and factor analysis has been conducted, to identify major linguistic patterns of co-occurrence. Total nine textual dimensions are utilized to define some of the linguistic and functional characteristics of PNE corpus. The dimensions collectively provide information content, narrative features, situation-oriented references, extent of argumentative language, abstract style, evidencebased discourse, specialized information and interactive discourse. The results of the old (previously identified dimensions; 88 MD analyses) and new MD (Full MD analysis to determine new dimensions) shows marked linguistic variation among different categories of the PNE corpus. Based on these results, it is proposed that linguistic variation occurs in the editorial writing of Pakistani English on both national and international levels.
ردد کامعنی ہے کسی شےکالوٹنا ، مسلمان کا کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانا۔ اس حوالے سے ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں الراء والدال أصلٌ واحدٌ مطّردٌ منقاس، وهو رَجْع الشَّيء. تقول: ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً. وسمِّي المرتدُّ لأنّه ردّ نفسَه إلى كُفْره.143 "مادہ " رَدَدَ " ہے اور اس معنی ہے کسی شے کا لوٹنا جیسے تو کہے ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً میں نے فلان چیز کو لوٹا دیا اور مرتد کو مرتد اس لیے کہتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے آپ کو کفر کی طرف لوٹا دیتا ہے ۔ " اسلام سے پھر جانے کوارتداد کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن منظور کے نزدیک ارتداد "وفي التنزيل من يرتدد منكم عن دينه والاسم الرِّدّة ومنه الردَّة عن الإِسلام أَي الرجوع عنه وارتدَّ فلان عن دينه إِذا كفر بعد إِسلامه۔"144 "اور قرآن مجید میں ہےمن يرتدد منكم عن دينه۔ ۔ ۔ الیٰ آ خرہ ۔ اور اسی سے ہے الردۃ عن الاسلام یعنی اسلام سے پھر جانا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے فلاں شخص مرتد ہو گیا جب کہ وہ اسلام سے کفر کی طرف پھر جائے ۔ " ارتداد کے معنی اسلام قبول کر لینے کے بعد اسلام کو چھوڑ دینے اور اس کے خلاف بغاوت کرنے کے ہیں، جیسے امام راغب اصفہانی نے ارتداد سے متعلق تحریر کیا ہے "والردۃ الرجوع فی الطریق الزی جاء منہ لکن الردۃتختص بالکفر والارتداد یستعمل فیہ وفی غیرہ۔" 145 "اس راستے پر پلٹنے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کوئی آیا ہو لیکن ردۃ کا لفظ کفر کی طرف ہی لوٹنا خاص ہے اور ارتداد عام ہے جو حالت کفر اور غیر دونوں کی طرف لوٹنے پر بولا جاتا ہے۔ " اصطلاحی مفہوم :علاؤالدین کاسانی ؒ شرعی اصطلاح میں ارتداد کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں "فَالرُّجُوعُ عن الْإِيمَانِ يُسَمَّى رِدَّةً في عُرْفِ الشَّرْعِ۔ "146 "پس ایمان سے پلٹ جانے کو...
Abstract Pakistan has celebrated seven decades of independence but misfortunately the nation is still divided into several ideologies, believes, ethnicities, regionalism, provincialism, political and social classes. Throughout the world, education plays a significant role in nation building but the terrible upshot in Pakistan is the division of nation in the field of education and learning. There are numerous umbrellas under which our educational system is running. Therefore, current study objects to measure educational stratification and its effect on nation building process in Pakistan. In this regard, this research mainly focuses on four major prevailing educational systems such as; privately managed schools, public schools, army public schools and madarsa (religious educational institution). Data were collected through focus group discussions and analyzed by applying grounded approach theory. Four major themes emerged after data examination. These are uniformity of curricular, equal opportunities, political and bureaucratic involvement and lack of moral education. Study finds that education system is badly lacking in uniform ideology and moral learning. Furthermore, the poor system of education is negatively affecting nation building in Pakistan by enhancing public distrust, discrimination and regionalism. The results of the present study may be helpful in finding the way for uniform educational system which provide learning opportunities to every child without thinking of their caste, religion, language, economic class, political affiliation and ethnicity.
There is an increasing interest in research on internal marketing in the marketing services literature. This has arisen largely from the suggestion that internal mar keting contributes to services companies’ success through its role in developing customer satisfaction. The birth of Internal Marketing has its roots in the 1980’s, and originated with the purpose to provide continuous and consistently satisfying service quality. The term Internal Marketing has been derived from the word ’internal customers’ which was first used by Berry (1981). Internal Marketing considers employees as internal customers and continuously aims to have them motivated in their jobs to encourage improved performance and better customer satisfaction. This thesis examines the depth of understanding and applicability of Internal Marketing in the higher education sector, which is not a typical conventional service industry. It focuses on the relationship between perceptions of Internal Marketing and Organizational Commitment of employees in the higher education sector. Up until now, while considering Education as a service provider, the marketer’s focus has been limited to the external customers, who in the case are the students. This thesis explores the element of internal marketing which impacts job satis faction and service quality of faculty members, employed in public and private universities in Pakistan. Our sample consists of 398 faculty members. The results provide evidence that all of internal marketing elements (employee motivation, empowerment, & market orientation) have significant effect on job satisfaction. The aspects of empowerment and motivation were found to have significant ef fect on service quality, while market orientation and recognition did not have any significant effect. On the other hand, job satisfaction has a strong effect on ser vice quality, indicating the importance of this relationship. The results of this study will help universities to understand the concept and application of Internal Marketing in academia, and will guide university management in enhancing job satisfaction and service quality, leading to improved employee performance and student satisfaction.