The government is almost the sole source of services in the rural sector of developing countries. Being closest \0 the people and central to the participalOry development, local government in these countries has assigned a strong role to play in rural development. This study is basically designed to evaluate the ''district government system'' in terms of participation, representation and responsiveness. Using the illustrative experience of Pakistan, this research focuses on the workings district government in rural NWFP, at a detailed level and seeks to the role and participation of councils in and improving the Pakistani villages in three respects. Firstly, the research has attempted to analyze the local government system in Pakistan being rciormed by the successive governments in order to assess people participation, Secondly, the study assesses the local cOImciis'' participation in fonnulating and implementing the centrally/provincially financed nlral development programmes. Thirdly, it places the survey and case study analysis in context through a detailed assessment activities and initiatives, which have been developed by councils for participatory development, and investigates the peoples'' involvement development Following a case study of district government in I''\orthwestern Pakistan, the study applied a cumulative methodology involving the collection of data from a sample of 400 villagers and 120 councilors, representing 16 villages in 8 lInion councils of 2 districts of northwestern Pakistan. It also presents case studies of 2 ''district councils'' and evaluates the outcome and limitations oflocal government. A chronological analysis of the history of the local government in Pakistan reveals thaI democratic decentralized institutions at village level, favoring pal1icipation in development could not be established despite frequent reforms by the military rulers. Similarly, the government participation in development programs of the federal and provincial government is also minimal. Mechanisms to encourage more active involvement and participation of the local govemmcnts are severely restricted. However. both villagers and iv councilors are nevertheless more inclined to favor people involvement in development activities which is encouraging for improved participation in [mum, In evaluating the impact of decentralized govenunent on development and participation, this research concludes that hitherto decentralization in Pakistan has no\ been altogether Despite this, villagers have a strong confidence in district government as they perceived it a more effective means for panicipatory development Due to a variety of internal limitations and externally imposed obstacles, the development initiatives of local government can make only limited progress, Usually, their effectiveness vanes directly with I1nancial and administrative capabilities of local officials and with the degrce of political support from the central provincial governments, The thesis concludes by underlining the potential barriers - poor i1nancial base, a dependence on provincial/central governments lor resources, lack of motivation, democratic dencit, lack peoples'' participation and political interference - which have abated the development capacity of local government. There is a need to overcomc these problems before it can act as a vehicle [or rural dcvelopment.
ایمان اسلام کو جزو لاینفک ہے اس کے بغیر اسلام قابل قبول نہیں کوئی بھی شخص مکمل ایمان لائے بغیر دائرہ اسلام میں داخل نہیں ہو سکتا ۔ فصل اول میں ایمانیات کے بارے میں قرآن مجید کی درج ذیل سورتوں کی ۲۰ آیات سے وضاحت کی گئی ہے۔
سورة آل عمران آیت نمبر ۱۶۰، سورة النساء آیت نمبر۸۲، سورة الاعراف آیت نمبر۱۸۵، سورة يونس آیت نمبر۳۴، سورة بنى اسرائیل آیت نمبر ۹۹، سورة الانبياء آیت نمبر ۴۲، سورة الحج آیت نمبر۷۰، سورة المؤمنون آیت نمبر ۸۵،۸۶،۸۷،۸۸،۸۹، سورة النور آیت نمبر ۵۰، سورة الروم آیت نمبر ۳۵،۳۷ ،سورةالزمر آیت نمبر ۴۳، سورة المؤمن آیت نمبر ۸۱،۸۲، سورة المرسلات آیت نمبر۲۰،۲۵، اس فصل میں ان آیات میں اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ نے اپنے بندوں سے سوال فرمایا ہے۔
اس فصل میں ہر آیت کو بیان کرنے کے بعد اس کی تفسیر پر روشنی ڈالی گئی ہے اور اس آیت میں استفہام کے استعمال کی وضاحت کی گئی ہے کہ ہر آیت میں اللہ تبارک و تعالیٰ کا سوال کرنے کے پیشِ نظر جو مقصد کارفرما تھا اس کو واضح کیا گیا ہے۔
Force Conversion is adaptation of a different religion or irreligion under duress. Some who have been forced to convert may continue, covertly with the beliefs and practices originally held, while outwardly behaving as converts. At many places the Orientalists put the statement that Islam basic purpose is to establish sovereignty throughout the globe and its primary purport deals with ‘authority’, ‘political’ and ‘economic’ matters for which it also used force for the implementation. Although it is an erroneous statement as Islam’s basic purport is religious, pure and simple; it deals with other social issues. While Islam stressed upon free will and there is no restriction in accepting other religions. As other religions are not in pure form now and Islam is being preserved by Allāh, so it teaches to submit oneself to the Will of Allāh. The early converts to Islam were the Prophet (peace be upon him) close friends Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her) and his family members in which his faithful wife Khadija (may Allāh be pleased with her), his cousin Ali were on the top, sand his slave Zayed. None of them argued and accepted Islam immediately. Among them Abu Bakr (peace be upon him) enjoyed prominent place among Arabs and with his influence five people accept Islam in which Sa’ad, Zobeir, Talha, Othman and Abd-al-Rahman who were member of prominent families. Abdul Rahman converted four people of his family. Likewise Bilal (may Allāh be pleased with her) was the first slave, ransomed by Abu Bakr (may Allāh be pleased with her). These early converts of Islam were men of piety and dignity.1
The medical field is quite challenging as employees have to work day and night under extreme pressure and long and irregular working hours. This work pressure and exhaustion leads to occupational stress. Occupational stress when unaddressed, leads to burnout which severely affects the physical as well as mental health of females in medical field.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of Occupational Stress and Job Burnout on the female medical staff of Public Health Sector by introducing the moderating variables of Psychological Capital and Social Support. The role of positive psychological capabilities and support from supervisors and family in lowering the stress and burnout has also been studied.
This study is conducted on female medical staff i.e. Lady Doctors and Nurses working in Public Hospitals of Pakistan. The Sample of the study comprises of 250 female medical employees. Data is collected through Quantitative data collection technique i.e. Questionnaires.
Results show that occupational stress causes job burnout and psychological capital moderates the relation between occupational stress and job burnout. The three dimensions of psychological capital namely, self-efficacy, hope and resilience moderate the relation while optimism does not moderate the relation. Results also show that family support acts as a moderator between burnout and stress but supervisory support does not moderate this relationship.