Critical Approach to Perceptions of Bernard Lewis Regarding Islamic Political & Social Practices

Bernard Lewis is a representative scholar of eastern studies and western thoughts, and he is the most influential political figure in the U.S politics. So his thoughts play an important and vital role in academic and political fields of the West. Most of his writings explore his prejudiced attitude toward Islam and Muslims. He wrote many books about the teachings of Islam. Islam being a universal religion is an interesting topic for western intelligentsia like Lewis. There are many institutes of Islamic studies in their universities and many think tanks are working on various aspects of Islamic teaching for multiple purposes. In some educational institutions of the west revisionist orientalists such as Andrew Rippin are teaching Islamic thoughts from a critical and revisionist perspective which is quite contrary to the traditional Islamic teachings. Bernard Lewis is attached with The RAND cooperation (the most influential think tank of U.S.A) and most of his writings are evident of his prejudiced theories about political and social practices of Muslims.

Effect of Low Protein Diets With Varying Energy to Protein Ratios Supplemented With Limiting Amino Acids on Performance of Broilers

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets with increased or constant metabolizable energy to crude protein (ME:CP) ratios supplemented with limiting amino acids (AA) on the performance of broilers. Experiment 1 was conducted to study the effect of lowering dietary CP with optimum limiting AA levels on the performance of broilers from 1 to 35 days of age. Four experimental diets were formulated to have four levels of CP as 23, 22, 21 & 20% in starter phase; 22, 21, 20 & 19% in grower phase and 20, 19, 18 & 17% in finisher phase, respectively. All diets were isocaloric within a phase (2925, 3075 & 3125 kcal/kg ME for starter, grower and finisher periods, respectively). Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10, 1.02 and 0.90% of the diet in starter, grower and finisher periods, respectively. Results showed that the dietary CP level could be reduced without harmful effects on the growth performance, body composition and carcass characteristics when supplemented with limiting AA. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the effect of low CP diets with constant ME:CP on the performance of broilers from 1 to 35 days of age. Four experimental diets were formulated to have four levels of CP and ME, respectively, in each phase: 23, 22, 21 and 20% CP, with 3036, 2904, 2772 and 2640 kcal/kg in starter phase; 22, 21, 20 and 19% CP, with 3146, 3003, 2860 and 2717 kcal/kg in grower phase; and 20, 19, 18 and 17% CP, with 3100, 2945, 2790 and 2635 kcal/kg in finisher phase. Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10, 1.02 and 0.90% of the diet in starter, grower and finisher periods, respectively. Results showed that chicks fed low CP diets with constant energy to protein ratio grew slower, used feed less efficiently and retained more fat than chicks fed the control diets even when standard levels of critical AA were maintained in the diets. In conclusion, reducing the dietary CP level provided substantial economic returns without affecting the performance of broilers. However, reduction of dietary CP with constant ME:CP ratio resulted in reduced broiler performance and carcass composition.