Home > Management of Growth, Productivity and Quality of Kinnow Mandarin Citrus Nobilis Lour. X Citrus Deliciosa Tenora. Through Exogenous Application of Moringa Moringa Oleifera L. Leaf Extract
Management of Growth, Productivity and Quality of Kinnow Mandarin Citrus Nobilis Lour. X Citrus Deliciosa Tenora. Through Exogenous Application of Moringa Moringa Oleifera L. Leaf Extract
„Kinnow‟ mandarin is the leading citrus commercial cultivar of Pakistan; however, it bears 2-3 times lower yield than its potential. Poor tree health and nutrient deficiency are considered to be major causes of its low yield. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) being rich in nutrients, antioxidants (such as ascorbic acid), phenolics and growth hormone proved to be potential plant growth enhancer that improves growth and fruit quality. Thus, the aim of the the present study was to a) optimize dose and time for foliar application of MLE, b) optimize dose of ascorbic acid, c) comparison of MLE with growth promoters [benzylaminopurine (BAP) and ascorbic acid] and nutrients [potassium (K) and zinc (Zn)] that affect growth, production and fruit quality of „Kinnow‟ mandarin trees. To find out optimize dose of MLE various concentrations (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) were sprayed after fruit harvesting. To find out the best suitable time for foliar application of MLE different growth stages selected, were before flowering, flowering, fruit set stage (pea stage), before flowering + fruit set stages, premature stage and flowering + fruit set + premature stages; to find out optimize dose of ascorbic acid different concentration of ascorbic acid (100 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1, 300 mg L-1 and 400 mg L-1) were sprayed after fruit harvesting. In first experiment leaf K, phosphorus (P), Zn, manganese (Mn), chlorophyll b and ascorbic acid contents were increased by 1.5-fold, 1.18-fold, 1.1-fold, 1.18-fold, 1.75-fold and 2.3-fold with 3% MLE treatment compared to control, respectively. In second experiment highest leaf K, calcium (Ca) and Zn contents were found in trees treated with 3% MLE at premature stage. However, maximum leaf P, Mn, chlorophyll a and b contents were exhibited by trees treated with 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stages. Foliar application of 3% MLE increased trunk width and leaf age as compared to untreated control trees. Yield and number of marketable fruits were increased in trees treated with 3% MLE at premature stage. Maximum fruit weight, fruit size, juice weight, ascorbic acid, total sugars and non-reducing sugars were observed in trees treated with 3% MLE applied before flowering + fruit set stages. Total phenolic contents were highest in trees treated with 3% MLE at premature stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that 3% MLE at premature stage increased leaf nutrient and yield, whereas, 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stages improved fruit quality of „Kinnow‟ mandarin. In third experiment leaf K, P, Zn, Fe and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly increased after foliar application of 300 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid as compared to untreated trees. Highest Abstract 2 chlorophyll b contents were determined with 200 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid treatment and leaf ascorbic acid contents with 400 mg L-1 ascorbic acid treatment. Hence, it may be concluded that 300 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid is best suited dose for foliar application to „Kinnow‟ mandarin trees. A fourth experiment was carried out to check the effect of MLE (3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stages and 3% MLE at premature stage), ascorbic acid (300 mg L-1) and BAP (800 mg L-1) on „Kinnow‟ mandarin growth, yield and fruit quality. Results revealed that highest leaf nitrogen (N), K, P and Mn contents were found with application of 3% MLE at premature stage. Highest increase in tree height, trunk width and tree diameter were found with foliar application of 800 mg L-1 BAP at fruit set stage. Maximum fruit set, yield, fruit weight, fruit size, juice weight, soluble solids content (SSC), total sugars and non-reducing sugars were recorded in 3% MLE at premature stage treated trees. Highest total number of fruits and number of marketable fruits were found with 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stages treatment. Maximum ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents in fruit juice were found with foliar application of 300 mg L-1 ascorbic acid. Hence, it can be concluded that foliar application of 3% MLE at premature stage increased nutrient content, yield and fruit quality of „Kinnow‟ mandarin trees. In fifth experiment; trees were sprayed with 3% MLE at before flowering + fruit set stage, 3% MLE at premature stage and 0.6% Zn or 0.25% K alone and in combination with MLE at fruit set stage, respectively. Leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mn and Zn were significantly increased with all treatments. Less fruit drop, maximum fruit set, yield, fruit weight, juice weight, SSC, vitamin C, sugars, total antioxidants and total phenolics were recorded with combined application of 3% MLE, 0.25% K and 0.6% Zn at fruit set stage. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes in fruit juice were significantly increased with 3% MLE application. Hence, it can be concluded that foliar application of 3% MLE+ 0.25% K + 0.6% Zn at fruit set stage can effectively improve the growth, productivity and fruit quality of „Kinnow‟ mandarin. In the sixth experiment, the best treatments from the above experiments were selected i.e., 3% MLE at pre-mature stage, 300 mg L-1 ascorbic acid at fruit set stage and 3% MLE + 0.25% K + 0.6% Zn at fruit set stages. Results showed that leaf nutrient level (N, P, K, Zn, Mn and Fe), ascorbic acid contents, fruit set, yield and number of fruits were significantly increased with combined application 3% MLE, 0.25% K and 0.6% Zn. Highest fruit size and fruit weight was obtained with 3% MLE. Maximum fruit juice, SSC, pH, ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents were Abstract 3 obtained with combined application of 3% MLE, 0.25% K and 0.6% Zn at fruit set stage. Highest total antioxidants, SOD enzyme and CAT enzyme were determined with 3% MLE at premature stage. Maximum peroxidase (POD) activity was obtained with ascorbic acid treatment. Conclusively, combined foliar application of 3% MLE, 0.25% potassium sulphate and 0.6% zinc sulphate at fruit set stage can be used effectively to improve the leaf nutrient status, fruit yield and quality of „Kinnow‟ mandarin.
پاکستان میں 2010ء میں منظر عام پر آنے والا ناول خس وخاشاک زمانے مستنصر حسین تارڑ نے تحریر کیا۔ایک ایسا ناول جس میں لاہور کی منظر نگاری کی گئی ہے لاہور میں رہنے والوں کا ماحول ،رہن سہن اور گاؤں سے آنے والے وہ افراد جو روزگار کی تلاش میں بڑے شہروں کی طرف اپنا رخ کرتے ہیں اور پھر کس طرح ان کی زندگی گزرتی ہے، ان کوکن مسائل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ان تمام باتوں کو بہت خوبصورتی سے خس وخاشاک زمانے میں مصنف نے اپنا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ناول میں مصنف نے دنیا پور سے آئے ہوئے لوگوں کے بارے میں بتایا ہے کہ وہ سبزی منڈی آتے ہیں اور لاہور سبزی منڈی میں اپنا سارا مال بیچ کر شام کی ٹرین سے واپس اپنے گاؤں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں۔مصنف ان لوگوں کی طرف اشارہ کرتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آپ کو بلند سمجھتے ہیں یعنی جاٹ برادری سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔خود کو تمام ذاتوں سے اعلیٰ اور باقی تمام ذاتوں کو خود سے کمتر اور اپنا خادم تصور کرتے ہیں۔مصنف نے بتایا ہے کہ جب یہی لوگ اپنے گاؤں سے شہر میں آکر آباد ہو جاتے ہیں تو انھیں شہر کی تنگ گلیوں اور چھوٹے مکانوں کو دیکھتے ہوئے اپنے گاؤں کے کھلے گھر اور گوبر کی بدبوئیں یاد آتی ہیں۔
’’خس وخاشاک زمانے ‘‘کو پاکستان کی ایک ایسی کہانی کہا جاسکتا ہے کہ جو معاشرے کی تہذیبی واخلاقی اقدار اور پھر معاشرے میں بدلتے ہوئے اخلاقی رویوں کو بیان کرتی ہے۔ ناول میں دو خاندانوں کی کہانی کو بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کو موضوع بناتے ہوئے اس نے ان حقائق سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جن پر بات کرنا معیوب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔کہانی نسلوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ایک داستان کی...
In the Holy Quran, Allah has mentioned many such social rules that are very important for the peace & stability of a society and welfare of human beings. This article will not only highlight the word “La'allakum” in terms of meaning, diction and eloquence but also explain its usage for different purposes. Apart from this, in this article light will be thrown on such social rules that have been defined under the word “La'allakum" along with its philosophy and their implementations in the present era.
The present study was designed to indigenously adopt Novaco''s model of anger management and to look at its efficacy for individuals having psychiatric problems in Pakistan. The study was carried out in four phases. The first phase was to develop an indigenous model for anger management, so Novaco''s model was integrated with an indigenous model grounded in Islamic teaching to manage anger. In the second phase, assessment scales, such as the Novaco Anger Inventory (NAI) and the Anger Self-Report Questionnaire (ASR) were translated into Urdu by using the back translation method. An Urdu version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) was used to double check the diagnoses of patients. In the third phase, a pilot study was conducted to compute the psychometric properties of the translated scales. Results of test-retest reliability (p < .01) showed that the translated versions of the scales were psychometrically strong and appropriate to the cultural content. The fourth phase was the main study; it was a quasi-experimental research, which includes a sample composed of two groups: a treatment group (received the indigenous model of anger management) and a control group (received general counseling). Initially, 100 individuals participated in the study; however, 37 individuals in the treatment group and 39 individuals in the control group completed the recommended package of sessions. Results of the study confirmed that there was a significant (p < .05) positive correlation between anger and psychological disorders. Statistics from repeated measures ANOVA indicated that, in the treatment group, individuals'' scores on the NAI and ASRQ were significantly (p < .01) decreased during three assessments. Similarly, results of the two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the individuals in the treatment group significantly (p < .01) scored low on the NAI and ASRQ (at post-assessment) as compared to the control group. Therefore, it was concluded that the indigenous model of anger management was more effective than general counseling for anger management.