Many germplasm of Pisum sativum have been screen for estimation of genetic diversity, cluster plating and gene linkages. Little attention has been given to the development of homozygous lines from single seed descent method in pea. In the present study 24 pea lines were evaluated, out of 24 lines, 20 pre-developed novel lines of Pisum sativum were achieved through single seed descent method from the cross of Falloner and 11760-3ER. In parental combination, Falloner (female) was dwarf, bushy tendrils, leafless, no anthocyanin pigmentation, creamy flower, green pod, creamy seed color, smooth seed shape, disease resistant and low yielding. Whereas, 11760- 3ER (male) was tall, normal tendrils, leaflet present, anthocyanin pigmentation present, purple flower, purple pod, brown seed color, rough seed shape, disease susceptible and high yielding. The control lines for comparative performance was Climex (PL-22) and local cultivar (PL-21). All the selected pea lines were evaluated through morphological and molecular markers in order to select high yielding and powdery mildew resistant novel lines. These lines were further screened for estimation of genetic diversity and genetic linkages. In morphological traits analysis 9 qualitative and 22 quantitative traits were studied. Based on quantitative traits analysis, two novel high yielding and disease resistant pea lines (PL-4 and PL-5) were selected for seed certification. The grain yield of PL-4 and PL-5 is significantly (p< 0.05) high as compared to PL- 21 and PL-22. Regarding traits association, "seed coat with anthocyanin pigmentation" showed genetic linkage with "pigmentation on flower and leaf axil" and vice versa. Interestingly, the cluster analysis grouped "tall/low yielding", "dwarf/low yielding", "tall/high yielding", "dwarf/high yielding" pea lines independently. For molecular characterization, 20 RAPD and 85 SSR markers were screened to estimate genetic diversity and genetic linkage. The RAPD markers amplified 69 bands out of which 95.6% bands were polymorphic. The similarity indexes were ranging from 0.43 to 0.88%. Furthermore, out of 85 SSR markers, 12 showed genetic polymorphism and produced an average of 2 alleles per SSR locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of SSR markers ranged from 0.08 to 0.47, with an average of 0.33. Nei’s genetic distance (GD) between accessions ranged from 0.10 to 0.92. Among the total used SSR primers, only P628 SSR marker showed significant linkage with grain yield traits at 90.91% probability. The linkage of the marker was reconfirmed through Chi-square test and showed r = 0.918 (P ≤0.00) genetic linkage. This markers can be directly utilized in MAS breeding for the selection of high yielding edible pea lines.
چاچا اﷲ دتہ نے اپنے ہرے رنگ دے کوٹ دا اپر والا بٹن بند کردے آکھیا ’’انور پتر! شام نوں بازار توں پرتدے ہویاں میرے لئی دلیے دا اک ڈبہ تے لے آویں‘‘ ایہہ کہہ کے اوہناں دو پرانے دس دس والے نوٹ میرے ول وادھائے ’’چاچا! ایس دی کیہہ لوڑ اے؟ میں لے آواں گا‘‘ میں رسماً آکھیا۔
’’او نئیں پتر! میرے کول نہ ہوون تاں ہورگل اے‘‘ میں چاچے کولوں پیسے پھڑے تے بازار ٹرگیا، چاچا اﷲ دتہ ساڈے پنڈدے بزرگاں وچوں سن۔ ساڈے گھر توں اوہ تن گھر چھڈ اک کلی ورگے گھر وچ رہندے سن جس دا صرف اک ای کمرہ سی۔ بچے ہے نئیں سن تے گھر والی کدوں دی اﷲ کول ٹرگئی ہوئی سی۔ عمر وچ اوہ سٹھ دے لگ بھگ ہوون گے۔ جدوں وی اوہناں نوں کوئی بازار دا کم ہوندا تاں اوہ کسے وی بازار جارہے ہوندے بندے نوں آکھ دیندے۔ ہر بندہ ہس کے اوہناں دا کم کردا سی۔ اج مینوں بازار جاندے ویکھ کے اوہناں مینوں اپنے کم دا آکھ دتا۔ میں شامیں دلیا اوہناں نوں لیا کے دے دتا۔ چاچا اﷲ دتہ نوں سارے پنڈ والے وڈے چھوٹے چاچا ای آکھدے سن۔ اوہناں دی شخصیت بہت گنبھل دار سی تے اوہناں دا ہرے رنگ دا کوٹ جس نوں اوہ ہر ویلے پائی رکھدے اوہناں دی شخصیت نوں ہور گھنجل دار بنا دیندا سی۔ کوٹ اتے دو چوڑیاں لکیراں سن گرمی ہووے بھانویں سردی کوٹ ہر ویلے اوہناں دے جثے اتے رہندا۔ مینوں یاد نئیں کہ میں کدے اوہناں نوں بغیر کوٹ دے ویکھیا ہووے۔ چاچا نوں کئی لوک مذاق وچ کہہ دیندے سن ’’بھئی ایس کوٹ اند رکیہڑا خزانہ اے جو ایس نوں ہر ویلے پائی پھر دا ایں‘‘...
Arabic language and literature has influenced Urdu language and literature in terms of fonts, grammar as well as orthography. Linguists have different opinions about orthography of Arabic words in Urdu. Some of them hold favorable opinion, some have opined against it, while some of the linguists have maintained a balance point of view in terms of orthography. The holy Qur’an is Arabic and perhaps that is the reason Muslims have spiritual affinity with Arabic. But language also sacred the way religion is? Can we relate languages with religion? Moreover, sociolinguistics cannot be ignored and that linguists provides concrete notions based on based on scientific study of languages. In this article, the author has analyzed and discussed the contradictory debates of different academic and applied in Urdu orthography of Arabic words in Urdu.
Various purine derivatives mainly 6 and 8-substituted sulfanylpurines were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antithyroid activity. The basic theme of the research work originated from the idea of combining the two most popular existing antithyroid drugs, namely propylthiouracil (1) and methimazole (2), into a single molecule to get the combined effect of both drugs through a single compound. Interestingly it resulted in 2,8-disulfanyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (86). The compound was prepared using known method and three major series along with some individual compounds were also synthesized because the structural properties of the purines and their ability to complex with molecular iodine made them potential antithyroid compounds. In this regard, a series of 8-(alkylsulfanyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H- purine-2,6-diones (144-148) was synthesized using 8-sulfanyl-5,9-dihydro-1H-purine- 2,6-dione (84) and respective alkyl halides in aqueous solution; a second series of 6- (Alkylsulfanyl)-9H-purines (149-159) was synthesized using 6-sulfanylpurine monohydrate and respective alkyl halides in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Similarly, ethyl (9H-purin-6-ylsulfanyl)acetate (162) was synthesized using 6- sulfanylpurine monohydrate, triethylamine and ethyl chloroacetate in ethanol and 2-(9H- purin-6-sulfanyl)acetohydrazide (163). Ethyl (9H-purin-6-sulfanyl)acetate (162) and hydrazine hydrate were refluxed in ethanol to get the desired product. Both conventional and microwave assisted methods were used. Microwave assisted heating reduced the reaction time and improved the yield. A series of N''-[Substituted phenylmethylidene]-2- (79-purin-6-sulfanyl)acetohydrazides (164-172) was also synthesized by heating 163 and substituted benzaldehydes in ethanol under reflux. The compounds were studied in vitro as well as in vivo for determining their antithyroid effects. Fortunately, most of them showed significant antithyroid activity with a few to be exceptionally good in this respect. The successful exposition of the synthesized compounds endorsed the idea of the research programme. It is certainly not the end but a new start. The 6 and 8 substituted purine derivatives may now be categorized as a new class of antithyroid agents. These compounds can be used as alternate drugs for popular benefit after completing the requisite procedures like evaluation of cytotoxicity, determining metabolic route and clinical trial etc.