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Home > Marxist Utopia and Political Idealism in the Poetry of Pablo Neruda and Faiz Ahmad Faiz: A Comparative Study

Marxist Utopia and Political Idealism in the Poetry of Pablo Neruda and Faiz Ahmad Faiz: A Comparative Study

Thesis Info

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Author

Hayat, Mazhar

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2565/1/2866S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724855225

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Comparative literature in its pure, classical form has been on a steady decline since the rise of postcolonial studies that challenged its Eurocentricity and universalist claims. Contrary to the formalistic approach of the European comparatists, postcolonial comparative literary studies focus upon the nexus between aesthetics and politics contributing to the growing multiple perspective approach in the comparative studies field. Pablo Neruda and Faiz Ahmad Faiz are the two eminent, socially-committed, poets of the post-imperial age who have committed their art to lend intellectual authority to the political struggle of the forces of resistance against hegemonic orders to effect socio- political change and to create an exploitation-free world order. The two poets have projected their Marxist futuristic vision and political ideals in the wake of bourgeois hegemony in their respective postcolonial societies. These responses are deeply embedded in the specific philosophical, cultural, religious and literary traditions of their societies. The comparative study of Marxist utopia and political idealism in the poetry of Neruda and Faiz examines similarities of counter-hegemonic content and form – a logical outcome of shared political and historical conditions of their societies and specificities arising out of the influence of particular frames of reference in which the works of the two poets are produced. The theoretical framework of the study is Marxist literary theory which affirms political and neo-historicist readings of literature. I have also benefitted from certain aspects of postcolonial theory since it complements Marxist perspective on imperialism, nationalism, history and culture and ascribes to the politics of resistance. Research questions are based upon the basic tenets of literary Marxism which also evaluate the significance of Neruda and Faiz’s poetry in this age of corporate globalisation. Keeping in view the vast oeuvre of the two poets and the limitations of research in terms of time and space, I have delimited my study to the textual analysis of Neruda’s celebrated political work Canto General (General Song) translated into English by Jack Schmitt and the thematically and formally significant poems of Faiz translated into English by Victor Kiernan in Poems by Faiz and Daud Kamal and Khalid Hasan’s O City of Lights. The comparative study endorses the thesis statement highlighting ideological and formal similarities and specificities as the ideological commitments of the two poets are contextualised in their cultural backgrounds.
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طاہرہ انعام کی غزلیات پر ایک نظر

طاہرہ انعام کی غزلیات پر ایک نظر

انسانی جذبات و احساسات کو منظوم شکل میں پیش کرنا شاعری کہلاتی ہے اور یہ کام صرف اہل درد اور اہل علم و دانش کی ذہنی معراج ہوتی ہے۔دراصل فن شاعری ایک ایسا ہنر ہے جس کے ذریعے باکمال لوگ اپنی قلبی کیفیات کا اظہار ایسے پیرائے میں کرتے ہیں جس کو پڑھ کر قاری ایسے محسوس ہو کہ اس کے دلی جذبات کا اظہار کیا گیا ہے۔اس کے ذریعے زمانے کے تلخ و شیریں تجربات اور رومانوی باتوں کو اشعار کی صورت میں پیش کیا جاتا ہے۔اس کیلئے کسی بھی صنف سخن کو اپنایا جا سکتا ہے۔دور حاضر میں غزل ایک ایسی صنف سخن ہے جس کا ڈنکا چہار اطراف بجتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔اس صنف میں نت نئے تجربات و مشاہدات کے ذریعے کئی نئے باب کھولنے کے روشن امکانات پیدا ہو گئے ہیںتاکہ اس صنف کے نئے دور کے نئے تقاضوں سے ہم آہنگ کیا جا سکے۔اس صنف کے تابندہ مستقبل کیلئے کام کرنے والوں میں ایک نام ممتاز شاعرہ طاہرہ انعام کا بھی ہے۔

طاہرہ انعام کی شاعری میں موجودہ کرب ناک حالات اور المیوں کا بیان بڑے پیمانے پر ہوا ہے۔اس کے علاوہ عشق و وفا میں انسانی جذبات کو مجروح کرنا اور دلی جذبات کو ٹھیس پہنچانا جیسے موضوعات پر بھی خوب لکھا گیا ہے۔شاعرہ نے یہ سب کچھ اپنے شاعری کے مجموعے ’’تراشیدم‘‘ میں لکھا ہے۔اس مجموعے کلام میں زیادہ غزلیات شامل ہیں مگر چند نظمیں بھی پڑھنے والے کو اپنی طرف متوجہ کرنے میں کامیاب نظر آتی ہیں۔اس مجموعہ کلام کا مختصر فکری جائزہ کچھ اس طرح ہے:

شاعر کسی بھی سماج کا حساس ترین فرد ہوتا ہے اردگرد پیش آنے والے حالات و واقعات پر اسکی گہری نظر ہوتی ہے۔عام لوگوں کی...

Determinan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perataan Laba (Studi pada Perusahaan Sektor Teknologi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia)

Tujuan dari riset ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh secara parsial dan secara simultan antara firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser dan profitabilitas terhadap perataan pada perusahaan sektor teknologi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada tahun 2019-2021. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini di uji menggunakan analisis regresi logistik dengan menggunakan software  EViews 12. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Teknik Purposive Sampling yang menghasilkan 11 sampel perusahaan terpilih dalam kurun waktu 3 tahun sehinnga diperoleh 33 unit sampel perusahaan dalam sektor teknologi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan variabel firm size, leverege dan profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perataan laba. Sedangkan cash holding dan winner/loser stock tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perataan laba. Untuk hasil pengujian hipotesis secara simultan antara firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser stock dan profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perataan laba. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah agar perusahaan dapat mempertimbangkan terlebih dahulu damapak sebelum melakukan perataan laba.

Investigating Teaching Techniques, Assessment of Reading and Reading Attitude of Selected Higher Secondary School Learners in Pakistan

English, being an international lingua franca, has been given a great importance in Pakistan at local and national level. It has been taught as a secondary language in the form of compulsory subject in most of the institutions right from class one. Effective teaching learning of English reading mostly depends upon learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques related to reading and reading assessment practices. The basic objective of the study was to explore the perceptions of teachers and students towards teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude. Furthermore, the study aims to measure the effect of learners’ reading attitude, teaching techniques and assessment practices related to reading on learners’ performance in English subject at higher secondary school level in Pakistan. The students and teachers of higher secondary schools (Class-XI & XII) represented as the population. However, the target population was delimited to Hyderabad. The random stratified sampling technique was used for the selection of twenty six teachers and five hundred thirty students as a sample from target population. The survey method, including questionnaire, interview and observation checklist tools, was used for data collection. It was found that learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to English reading were very strongly correlated to learners’ performance in English subject. Any improvement in teaching techniques, assessment practices and learners’ reading attitude towards the English as subject leads to enhance the performance of students in English subject. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the perception of students and teachers regarding learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques for reading skills. However, the teachers and students showed their dissatisfaction with learners’ reading attitude, reading assessment practices and teaching techniques related to reading. The teachers of higher secondary schools were incapable to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. They rarely used modern audio visual aids like multi-media, computers and projectors in the classroom teaching and assessment. They used only old, ineffective and conventional teaching techniques and assessment strategies in their teaching learning of English reading. They were not capable to develop or use technology based tests for assessment of reading. Besides, they focused less on development of reading skills but merely tried to complete the course so that students may pass the examination. Teachers’ only aim was to help students get through the annual examination. As a result, the students paid more attention on examination and less attention on reading skill. It was recommended that reading skills ought to be treated as integral part of the subject while evaluating learners’ skills of English as subject; it should be assessed and marked under a separate section within the exam paper. The teachers should be given proper training time to time to enable them to use latest teaching techniques and assessment strategies. Rather than to complete the course from examination point of view, the teachers should focus on development of reading skills. Latest audio visual aids including multi-media, projectors and computers should be used in teaching and assessing reading proficiency. A well developed reading assessment system equipped with modern technology should be established and reading progress chart of every student should be maintained accordingly for the attraction of students towards reading. In order to cultivate reading habit, the motivation of learners should be kept at the top priority. The teachers should observe, point out and get the reading problems of students solved. They should support and encourage the struggling students in this regard.