مولوی محمد الحسنی
جون کا معارف طباعت کے آخری مرحلہ میں تھا کہ اچانک اطلاع ملی کہ ندوۃ العلماء کے نقیب رسالہ البعث الاسلامی کے مدیر مولوی محمد الحسنی کا انتقال ہوگیا، یہ خبر اتنی خلاف توقع تھی کہ بڑی دیر تک یقین نہیں آیا، ان کی عمر زیادہ نہیں تھی، چالیس سے تین ہی چارسال آگے بڑھے ہوں گے، صحت بھی اچھی تھی، کبھی کسی طویل یا شدید بیماری میں مبتلا نہیں ہوئے تھے، جب ملاقات ہوتی، ہشاش بشاش نظر آئے۔
یہ سچ ہے کہ جو آیا ہے، اسے ایک دن جانا ضرور ہے، کل نفس ذائقتہ الموت[ العنکبوت:۵۷] لیکن کسے معلوم تھا کہ ان کا وقت موعود اتنا قریب ہے، ہم لوگوں کے سامنے تو بچے تھے، ان کی پیدائش کل کی بات معلوم ہوتی ہے، ہم کس طرح خیال کرتے تھے کہ وہ ہم سے پہلے رخصت سفر باندھ لیں گے۔ لیکن ان کے دوستوں اور ہم سنوں کو بھی اس تیزروی کا گمان نہیں تھا، ان کی جسمانی ساخت اور صحت کی رفتار دیکھ کر سبھی عمر طویل کی پیشنگوئی کرتے تھے، لیکن ظاہر بینوں کے یہ سارے اندازے غلط ثابت ہوئے اور اﷲ کی مشیت پوری ہو کر رہی، تقدیر کے سامنے تدبیر نے سپر ڈال دی، اور انسان کی مجبوری دبے بسی ہی نہیں خام خیالی اور غلط اندیشی بھی نمایاں ہوگئی۔
مصلحت ایزدی تھی کہ وہ چھوٹی عمر ہی میں اس دنیا سے کوچ کر جائیں تقدیر الٰہی کے رازہائے سربستہ کی نقاب کشائی انسان کے بس میں نہیں ہے، اس کا علم ناقص اس کی نظر کوتاہ اور اس کا علم محدود ہے، ان حالات میں وہ حکمت الٰہی کا احاطہ کس طرح کرسکتا ہے، عالم غیب ہماری نگاہوں سے اوجھل ہے، ہم ظاہربیں باطن کے حقائق سے ناواقف ہیں، البتہ اﷲ کی مصلحت پر ہمارا ایمان ہے، اور...
It is a historical fact that wherever the Muslims went; they were considered as a distinct community from others due to their strong Islamic identity, which is called Two Nation Theory. Muslims, due to this Islamic Ideology, conquered Subcontinent and ruled over there more than one millennium. They successfully ruled the Indian Subcontinent till the Two Nation Theory was alive in their minds. When Mughal Emperor, Akbar tried to demolish this Theory by introducing his new, fake, fabricated and heretical religion, named as “Dīn-e-Akbari" or “Dīn-i-Ilāhī”. The renowned Islamic scholar Sheikh Mujaddid Alif Sānī challenged this so-called innovated religion. After that Shāh WalīUllāh Muḥaddith Dehlavī worked against this innovative and heretical religion. After it, the first organized movement was established by Shāh Abdul‘Azīz, the son of Shāh WalīUllāh in 1820 AD. This Movement played a dynamic role in Muslim's Renaissance in the Subcontinent. It also played a vital role to promote Two Nation Theory and major Muslim movements got inspiration from it. Although, this movement was crushed at Bālākōt in 1831 AD, but it left comprehensive impacts across the Muslim world, especially, in Indian Subcontinent. This movement kindled a flame of freedom in the Muslims of Subcontinent. Historically, this Movement has a practical participation in the Independence movement of Pakistan. As we see its role at the time of Referendum in the North-Western Frontier Province in 1947. It is an irrefutable historical fact that the leadership of Pakistan’s Movement, especially, Allāma Muhammad Iqbāl, was much influenced by Sayyīd Shahīd’s Movement. Therefore, this study presents a missing link between the Pakistan Freedom Movement and the Two Nation Theory. This study reflects historical and analytical approaches and its application frequently. In this study effort are made to explore the historical link between the Two Nation Theory and Tehrīk e Mujahedeen as well as its dynamic role during the period of Freedom Movement of Pakistan in Indian Subcontinent.
A series of experiments were organized to investigate the “Influence of plant spacing, floral buds, seed extraction time on okra seed production and retention of quality during storage” during the years 2012-2014 at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar. The experiment on influence of plant spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) on the growth and seed production of five okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties i.e. Sabz Pari, Arka Anamika, Pusa Sawani, Punjab Selection and Green Star revealed that Arka Anamika variety had the maximum plant height (136.8 cm), number of branches per plant (1.42), number of pods per plant (26.33), number of seeds per pod (60.67), seed weight per pod (3.87 g) and seed yield (4.54 t ha-1). The plant spacing of 20 cm resulted in the maximum plant height (136.92 cm) but planting of okra plants at 40 cm plant spacing resulted in the maximum seeds per pod (67.28), seed weight per pod (4.61 g), 100 seed weight (6.87 g) and seed yield (4.42 t ha-1) as well as significant variations in the seed weight per pod due to varieties x spacing interaction. The study of floral buds (8, 11, 14, 17 and 20) retention on the plant growth, seed yield and quality attributes of five okra varieties i.e. Sabz Pari, Arka Anamika, Pusa Sawani, Punjab Selection and Green Star revealed significant variations in different varieties except mean hard seeds. The maximum plant height (131.65 cm), number of branches per plant (2.04), number of seeds per pod (65.30), seed weight per pod (4.29 g), seed yield (2.37 t ha-1) was observed in variety Arka Anamika. The number of leaves per plant (39.88) was the highest in Sabz Pari, while the 100 seed weight was maximum (7.55 g) in Pusa Sawani, followed by Arka Anamika (7.48 g). The number of floral buds retained for seed production also significantly influenced the vegetative growth and seed yield. The retention of 8 floral buds resulted in the maximum plant height (128.1 cm), number of branches per plant (2.16), number of seeds per pod (69.72), seed weight per pod (4.29 g), but the minimum seed yield (1.51 t ha-1). Whereas, the highest seed yield (2.77 t ha-1) and hard seed percentage (26.77%) was recorded with 20 floral buds retained for seed production. The varieties x floral buds interaction significantly affected the plant height and seed yield. The plant height was maximum (134.47 cm) in Arka Anamika with 8 floral buds retained and minimum in Sabz Pari (109.9 cm) with 20 buds retained. The maximum seed yield (3.69 t ha-1) in Arka Anamika was observed with 20 floral buds retained for seed production, whereas the minimum seed yield (1.42 t ha-1) was recorded in Punjab Selection with 8 floral buds retained for seed production. The experiment on influence of seed extraction time, packing materials and storage durations on the okra seed quality was conducted by extracting seeds of okra at 0, 15 and 30 days after pods harvesting, packed in aluminum, polythene, cloth, gunny and paper bags and stored for 0, 3, 6, and 9 months. The seed quality attributes such as seed x moisture content, percent germination, length of seedling, seedling dry weight, vigor index, electrical conductivity and hexanal production were assessed. It was observed that the seed extracted immediately (0 days) after pods harvesting had the maximum mean seed moisture content (13.38%), hexanal production (12.96 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (125.66 μs cm-1) but the least germination percentage (73.75%), length of (20.43 cm), dry seedling weight (17.09 mg/10 seedlings) and seedling vigor index (1521.3). By contrast extracting the seeds 30 days after pods harvest resulted in the minimum seed moisture content (11.45%), hexanal production (6.80 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (59.76 μs cm-1) as well as the highest germination percentage (93.58%), seedling length (30.74 cm), seedling dry weight (26.35 mg/10 seedlings) and seedling vigor index (2881). Among the packing materials, the maximum mean moisture content (12.37%) was recorded with seed stored in aluminum bags, but the maximum percent germination (88.33%), length of seedling (27.98 cm), seedling dry weight (23.94 mg) and seedling vigor index (2509.9); least hexanal production (8.69 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (77.13 μs cm-1) were recorded with seed packed in polythene bags. The seed quality attributes declined with increasing storage durations. The seed moisture content, germination percentage, seedling length, dry seedling weight and vigor index decreased while hexanal production and electrical conductivity increased with increasing storage duration. The experiment on the influence of packing materials and storage durations at room temperature on okra seed quality was conducted by packing the variety Arka Anamika seed in aluminum, polythene, cloth, gunny and paper bags and stored for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 month durations at room temperature. The data revealed that the packing materials and storage durations had significant effect on the seed quality attributes. Among the different packing materials, the maximum seed moisture content (10.69%), germination (89.52%), seedling length (30.18 cm), dry seedling weight (25.96 mg), seedling vigor index (2713.7) and least hexanal accumulation (18.17 μg kg-1) as well as electrical conductivity (92.23 μs cm-1) was recorded in seeds packed in cloth bags, that were at par with aluminum bags in most of the quality attributes evaluated. The data regarding seed quality attributes in relation to seed extraction time revealed that the highest seed moisture (12.89%), seedling length (33.06 cm) and seedling dry weight (28.49 mg/10 seedlings); as well as the least hexanal content (0.0 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (61.70 μs cm-1) were recorded in fresh seeds, while the maximum germination percentage (94%), and seedling vigor index (3055.8) were observed in seeds stored for 3 months. Beyond, 3 months storage, all the seed quality attributes decreased with concomitant increase in hexanal content and electrical conductivity. Thus, the minimum seed quality attributes such as seed moisture content (8.68%). germination (71.67%), seedling length (24.24 cm), seedling dry weight (20.37 mg) and seedling vigor index (1752.2); and the maximum hexanal accumulation (40.40 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (154.0 μs cm-1) were recorded after 18 months storage at room temperature. To determine the influence of packing materials, storage conditions and durations on the okra seed quality, variety Arka Anamika was packed in aluminum, paper and polythene bags and stored in cold, refrigerated and room temperatures for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months. The data revealed that the packing materials, storage conditions and storage durations had significant effect on the seed quality. Among the different packing materials, the highest seed moisture content (12.87%) was recorded in seed stored in paper bags and maximum germination percentage (90.79%) was recorded in xi seeds stored in polythene bags. The polythene and aluminum bags had higher but at par seedling length (30.63 and 30.52 cm), dry seedling weight (26.23 and 26.09 mg), seedling vigor index (2703.8 and 2879.5) and lower hexanal content (16.47 and 77.11 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (86.30 and 89.22 μs cm-1) as compared to the seed stored in paper bags. The seed stored in cold storage condition had the highest seed moisture content (12.56%), germination (86.98%), seedling length (29.76 cm), seedling dry weight (25.47 mg) and vigor index (2616.8) as well as the least hexanal production (19.41 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (98.63 μs cm-1). The data on seed quality attributes in relation to storage durations revealed that the highest germination percentage (93.52%) and seedling vigor index (3042.6) was recorded in seed stored for 3 months. The highest seed moisture (12.91%), seedling length (33.02 cm), seedling dry weight (28.65 mg) and least hexanal content (0.00 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity of the seed (61.29 μs cm-1) was recorded in the fresh seed. The seed storage for 18 months resulted in the minimum seed moisture (11.11%), germination percentage (72.22%), seedling length (24.48 cm), dry seedling weight (20.58 mg/10 seedlings), vigor index (1801.3) and the highest hexanal content (44.77 μg kg-1) and electrical conductivity (157.69 μs cm-1) of the okra seed." xml:lang="en_US
