دین کامل اور اختلاف: روح المعانی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

The word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents.

An Analytical Study of Archaeological Discoveries from Bhamala, Taxila

The present study titled An Analytical Study of the Archaeological Discoveries from Bhamāla, Taxila focusses on the recent archaeological discoveries made during the three seasons of excavations carried out at the Buddhist site of Bhamāla by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar, in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology, Hazara University (Mansehra), and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA from 2012 to 2016. Bhamāla, one of the most important Buddhist sites, is located on the right bank of the Haro River in Khānpur (a sub-valley of Taxila). The site was first excavated by Sir John Marshall in 1930-31. But his brief report had left many questions that awaited answers using the material from the same site. Excavation at Bhamāla was resumed after about eight decades. Our excavation aimed at reconfirming the dates assigned by Sir John Marshall and establishing the archaeological profile of the site with scientific and latest archaeological methods. Our excavations at Bhamāla, on one hand, resulted in many remarkable discoveries in the history of Buddhist art and architecture in Gandhāra, and raised many new questions on the other. The subject of this dissertation covers both those unanswered questions as well as new questions raised by the important discoveries made during the most recent excavations. To address these questions precisely, we have divided this dissertation in eight chapters. In chapter one, an introduction to the present research and methodology is given. The second chapter gives a review of all available literature relevant to the subject of dissertation. An Overall review of the archaeological findings at the site of Bhamāla is provided in Chapter Three. Chapter Four deals with the detailed analyses of the structural remains including the main stupas A & B flanked by chapels, votive stupas, the Parinirvāṇa chamber and the monastic establishments. A comparative and scientific (material) analyses of the terracotta sculptures reported during our recent excavations is given in chapter Five. Chapter Six presents a detailed analysis of the stucco sculptures from Bhamāla. Chapter seven deals with the numismatic evidences discovered during our recent excavations at the site. Chapter Eight is a detailed summary and discussion of the information presented in the preceding chapters. The Conclusion is followed by my suggestions for further archaeological research at Bhamāla.