Partition of United Indiain the year 1947 was a phenomenal even to fideological proportion. More than any thing else,it was also a human tragedy resulting in the loss of millions of lives. As people migrated across the newly carved borders,an un precedented wave of ethnic violence destroyed their hopes offinding newer homes. The enormity of the impact of violence on the collectivesocial consciousness of the subcontinent was so much that a whole body of literature emanated which can betermedas“Partition Literature”.Fictional appropriationoftheincidenceofviolencehasbeenarecurrentmotifinnovelsandshort fiction. By that very fact,literary fiction based on partition,acts as one of the greatest reservoirs of the stories of violent events during partition. One of the great estpre occupation of Partition fiction is its engagement withthefigurationofvariedsituationsandcharactersas comingtotermswiththepsychologicalandideologicalrepercussionsofthegreatdivide. It is notsurprising,therefore,thatthefictional representationoftheviolenceproducedduring partitionsuchasmassmurder,arson,rape,mutilationofbodies,andotherviolentactsacross theborder,arecodifiedbygenderedreadings. However,whenitcomestomeasurethe magnitudeandenormityofloss,womenareconsideredtheworstvictimsoftheevent of partition.Inthisregard,thereadingsofpartitionliteraryfictionviewmenexclusivelyasthe activeexecutorsofviolentactsandwomenonlyasthepassivevictims.Inthisdissertation,I arguethattherepresentationofmenasvictimsofviolenceinPartitionfictionhasbeengiven acursoryandperipheral attention.Correspondingly, thisresearchattemptstoreadmenas victimsofviolenceasdepictedinpartitionfiction. Theintroductorychapterofthisresearchpresentsagenealogyofdifferentparadigms ofindigenousmasculinities. ChapterTwocoverstheemergingtheoreticaldebatesinWestern discourseonmasculinityanditsenrichingvalence forlocal andIndianmythology.Therefore, Icontextualizeadiscursiverangeofpatriarchal,mythical,andreligiousidealsinjectedinto theconsciousnessofmen.InChapterThree,Iarguethatmenbecomevictimsofviolence whentheyfeelboundtoanormativesetofmasculineidealsandpractice.Afailuretosuch performativeassignmentsmayleadtowardsthedisqualificationoftheirgenderedpotentials baggingforthemtitlessuchasunmanlyandemasculated.Theycannotescapethe consequencesofoptingoutpatriarchal idealswhichironicallylimittheirlives.Movingfurther inChapterFour,Ideconstructthemythofmalepowerupheldbythepatriarchal representationsoftheIndiansubcontinent;butinrealitydeflatedwithapersistentcolonial Syedaiii presence. ThecolonialreformulationoftheIndianidealsofmasculinitydis-empoweredthe Indianmen. Ascorollarytocolonial redefinitionofnativemaleinChapterFive,Iarguethat duringpartitionthemalebodyalsobecameasiteforsocio-political politics. Henceforth,in ChapterSix,Iconcludethatmenexperiencedtheemotionalandpsychological agonyand distressastheywere displacedduringthetumultuouseventsof1947. Inthisresearch,Ihaveemployed conceptsfromMasculinityStudiesandPostFeminismfortheoreticalanchorage.ThetextsincludenovelsentitledWhattheBody RemembersbyShaunaSingh,TamasbyBhishamSahni,TraintoPakistan,andDelhiby KhushwantSingh,CrackingIndiabyBapsiSidhwa,TheBrokenMirrorbyKrishnaBaldev Vaid,andSleepwalkersbyJoginderPaul.TheworksoftheMasculinists,R.W.Connell,John Beynon,WarrenFarrell,supportedbyJudithButler’sconceptoffluidgender,re-signification, andbodyasasite,endorsedbyFreudandLacan’sconcept offearofcastration,andfinally reinforcedbythetraumatheoriesbyJudithHerman,CathyCaruth,andNandiBhatia,helpthe analysisofdifferent formsofmalevictimization. Therefore,theresearchconcludesthatpartition(literary) fictionshowstheproblematic representationofmen’svictimizationwhichisseldom readforthefearofunveilingthe historical,political,andtheoreticaldiscoursesstrengtheninggenderstereotyping.Byputting anemphasisupontheshallownessoftheconceptofviolentnormativebehaviorinmenanda customarycodeofpatriarchal life,thisresearchexaminesthewaysinwhichthesemen struggletobeabletofulfilltheexpectationsofthesociety.Furthermore,theenforcedmodeof behaviouremasculatestheiridentityasamalegendertherebymakingthemasliableto violenceasanyothergender; afact alsooftenexternalizedbytheirbodiesturningintositesof violence.
جن خیالوں میں۔۔۔! جن خیالوں میں اثبات درد کے ساتھ سرخ دھڑکنوں کی تاثیر سمائی ہوئی ہے وہ گمنام جزیروں سے۔۔۔ اک مہکتا ہوا خط لاتے ہوئے! سوسن و نسترن میں زعفرانی گرھیں کھول کر! چاہتوں کی میزان پر۔۔۔! پہلی آہٹ۔۔۔پہلی فکر اور سوچ کو سوچتے ہوئے! دشت میں اک تھکی ہاری ناقہ کے ساتھ، تورات والانجیل جیسی غزالہ بھی لائی ہوئی ہے
جناب حسان، رواحہ اور جامی کے پاؤں چوم کر۔۔۔! دریا کنارے مسافروں کو خیمہ زن کرتے ہوئے! گل مریم کے کندھوں پر۔۔۔گل داؤدی کی گھٹڑی رکھتے ہوئے! چاندنی کے ساتھ۔۔۔اک چراغ کا طواف کرنے آئی ہوئی ہے تورات و انجیل جیسی غزالہ بھی لائی ہوئی ہے پانیوں پر وجد طاری کرتے ہوئے! محبتوں، چاہتوں کا صحیفہ تلاوت کرنے آئی ہوئی ہے اک مہکتا ہوا خط بھی ساتھ لائی ہوئی ہے تورات و انجیل جیسی غزالہ بھی لائی ہوئی ہے
A negative feeling that creates displeasure and anger is known as envy. It is produced by the negative attitude towards others, having assets, greater characteristics and fair potential than him. It is a psychological disorder that creates a nuisance in society and leads to social discontent. Such kind of psychological disorder gives rise to hatred and creates an environment of enmity and mistrust. Its magnitude and impact are very high and result in conflicts and jealousy. Such a situation is disliked in Islam and is taken very seriously and rejected at all levels. It is a mental disorder that disturbs the human psyche at local and international levels, resulting in chaos and disorder. Islam guides its followers in particular but humans, in general, to remain away from it to save humanity from anarchy and psychological sickness. Islam respects humanity and guides us to preserve human dignity and values of life. It prescribes detailed solutions to such a problem to preserve human beings. In this paper, an attempt is made and a detailed analysis is provided about its occurrence within the Islamic context and methods of safety are provided to safeguard humans from the malice of envy.
In today’s fast changing environment, where the globalization is taking place everywhere, it is a challenge for organizations to be remaining competitive in market. Human capital is one of biggest source of competitive advantage for organizations that cannot be easily imitated by other organizations while other capitals like structural or financial capital can be copied easily. In todays’ era, the pace of interest in human capital, social capital and organizational performance is gaining momentum around the globe. Impact of human capital on organizational performance has been tested. Mediating role of social capital in between human capital and organizational performance has also been tested; but moderating role of social capital in between human capital and organizational performance is still under-examined phenomenon. Therefore, this thesis provides an original contribution to the existing literature. This study contributes to the existent literature by investigating the impact of human capital on job satisfaction, career satisfaction and life satisfaction of employees which are important indicators of organizational performance in service sector of Pakistan; especially banking and education industry. Moderating role of social capital in between human capital and organizational performance is also tested. Data has been collected through structured questionnaire and interviews from faculty memberofuniversities, and officer grade rank employees of banking industry from five major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Different statistical tools such as Correlation analysis, Confirmatory factor analysis, Structural Equation Modeling and Hierarchical Regression Analysis have been applied for analyzing the data. The findings of the study provided considerable support for the hypothesized relationships between overall human capital and organizational performance. Regarding moderating effects, the results provided strongsupport for hypothesis that social capital does moderate the relationship between human capital and organizational performance. This thesis opens new horizons of future research.The findings have significant implications for service sector.